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name: robotics-design-patterns description: > Architecture patterns, design principles, and proven recipes for building robust robotics software. Use this skill when designing robot software architectures, choosing between behavioral frameworks, structuring perception-planning-control pipelines, implementing state machines, designing safety systems, or architecting multi-robot systems. Trigger whenever the user mentions behavior trees, finite state machines, subsumption architecture, sensor fusion, robot safety, watchdogs, heartbeats, graceful degradation, hardware abstraction layers, real-time constraints, or software architecture for robots. Also applies to sim-to-real transfer, digital twins, and robot fleet management.

Robotics Design Patterns

When to Use This Skill

• Designing robot software architecture from scratch
• Choosing between behavior trees, FSMs, or hybrid approaches
• Structuring perception → planning → control pipelines
• Implementing safety systems and watchdogs
• Building hardware abstraction layers (HAL)
• Designing for sim-to-real transfer
• Architecting multi-robot / fleet systems
• Making real-time vs. non-real-time tradeoffs

Pattern 1: The Robot Software Stack

Every robot system follows this layered architecture, regardless of complexity:

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│               APPLICATION LAYER              │
│    Mission planning, task allocation, UI     │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│              BEHAVIORAL LAYER                │
│  Behavior trees, FSMs, decision-making       │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│             FUNCTIONAL LAYER                 │
│  Perception, Planning, Control, Estimation   │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│           COMMUNICATION LAYER                │
│     ROS2, DDS, shared memory, IPC            │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│          HARDWARE ABSTRACTION LAYER          │
│    Drivers, sensor interfaces, actuators     │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│              HARDWARE LAYER                  │
│    Cameras, LiDARs, motors, grippers, IMUs   │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Design Rule: Information flows UP through perception, decisions flow DOWN through control. Never let the application layer directly command hardware.

Pattern 2: Behavior Trees (BT)

Behavior trees are the recommended default for robot decision-making. They're modular, reusable, and easier to debug than FSMs for complex behaviors.

Core Node Types

Sequence (→)     : Execute children left-to-right, FAIL on first failure
Fallback (?)     : Execute children left-to-right, SUCCEED on first success
Parallel (⇉)     : Execute all children simultaneously
Decorator        : Modify a single child's behavior
Action (leaf)    : Execute a robot action
Condition (leaf) : Check a condition (no side effects)

Example: Pick-and-Place BT

                    → Sequence
                   /    |      \
            → Check     → Pick     → Place
           /    \      /   |  \     /  |  \
       Battery  Obj  Open  Move  Close Move Open Release
       OK?    Found? Grip  To    Grip  To   Grip
                      per  Obj   per   Goal per

Implementation Pattern

import py_trees

class MoveToTarget(py_trees.behaviour.Behaviour):
    """Action node: Move robot to a target pose"""

    def __init__(self, name, target_key="target_pose"):
        super().__init__(name)
        self.target_key = target_key
        self.action_client = None

    def setup(self, **kwargs):
        """Called once when tree is set up — initialize resources"""
        self.node = kwargs.get('node')  # ROS2 node
        self.action_client = ActionClient(
            self.node, MoveBase, 'move_base')

    def initialise(self):
        """Called when this node first ticks — send the goal"""
        bb = self.blackboard
        target = bb.get(self.target_key)
        self.goal_handle = self.action_client.send_goal(target)
        self.logger.info(f"Moving to {target}")

    def update(self):
        """Called every tick — check progress"""
        if self.goal_handle is None:
            return py_trees.common.Status.FAILURE

        status = self.goal_handle.status
        if status == GoalStatus.STATUS_SUCCEEDED:
            return py_trees.common.Status.SUCCESS
        elif status == GoalStatus.STATUS_ABORTED:
            return py_trees.common.Status.FAILURE
        else:
            return py_trees.common.Status.RUNNING

    def terminate(self, new_status):
        """Called when node exits — cancel if preempted"""
        if new_status == py_trees.common.Status.INVALID:
            if self.goal_handle:
                self.goal_handle.cancel_goal()
                self.logger.info("Movement cancelled")

# Build the tree
def create_pick_place_tree():
    root = py_trees.composites.Sequence("PickAndPlace", memory=True)

    # Safety checks (Fallback: if any fails, abort)
    safety = py_trees.composites.Sequence("SafetyChecks", memory=False)
    safety.add_children([
        CheckBattery("BatteryOK", threshold=20.0),
        CheckEStop("EStopClear"),
    ])

    pick = py_trees.composites.Sequence("Pick", memory=True)
    pick.add_children([
        DetectObject("FindObject"),
        MoveToTarget("ApproachObject", target_key="object_pose"),
        GripperCommand("CloseGripper", action="close"),
    ])

    place = py_trees.composites.Sequence("Place", memory=True)
    place.add_children([
        MoveToTarget("MoveToPlace", target_key="place_pose"),
        GripperCommand("OpenGripper", action="open"),
    ])

    root.add_children([safety, pick, place])
    return root

Blackboard Pattern

# The Blackboard is the shared memory for BT nodes
bb = py_trees.blackboard.Blackboard()

# Perception nodes WRITE to blackboard
class DetectObject(py_trees.behaviour.Behaviour):
    def update(self):
        detections = self.perception.detect()
        if detections:
            self.blackboard.set("object_pose", detections[0].pose)
            self.blackboard.set("object_class", detections[0].label)
            return Status.SUCCESS
        return Status.FAILURE

# Action nodes READ from blackboard
class MoveToTarget(py_trees.behaviour.Behaviour):
    def initialise(self):
        target = self.blackboard.get("object_pose")
        self.send_goal(target)

Pattern 3: Finite State Machines (FSM)

Use FSMs for simple, well-defined sequential behaviors with clear states. Prefer BTs for anything complex.

from enum import Enum, auto
import smach  # ROS state machine library

class RobotState(Enum):
    IDLE = auto()
    NAVIGATING = auto()
    PICKING = auto()
    PLACING = auto()
    ERROR = auto()
    CHARGING = auto()

# SMACH implementation
class NavigateState(smach.State):
    def __init__(self):
        smach.State.__init__(self,
            outcomes=['succeeded', 'aborted', 'preempted'],
            input_keys=['target_pose'],
            output_keys=['final_pose'])

    def execute(self, userdata):
        # Navigation logic
        result = navigate_to(userdata.target_pose)
        if result.success:
            userdata.final_pose = result.pose
            return 'succeeded'
        return 'aborted'

# Build state machine
sm = smach.StateMachine(outcomes=['done', 'failed'])
with sm:
    smach.StateMachine.add('NAVIGATE', NavigateState(),
        transitions={'succeeded': 'PICK', 'aborted': 'ERROR'})
    smach.StateMachine.add('PICK', PickState(),
        transitions={'succeeded': 'PLACE', 'aborted': 'ERROR'})
    smach.StateMachine.add('PLACE', PlaceState(),
        transitions={'succeeded': 'done', 'aborted': 'ERROR'})
    smach.StateMachine.add('ERROR', ErrorRecovery(),
        transitions={'recovered': 'NAVIGATE', 'fatal': 'failed'})

When to use FSM vs BT:

• FSM: Linear workflows, simple devices, UI states, protocol implementations
• BT: Complex robots, reactive behaviors, many conditional branches, reusable sub-behaviors

Pattern 4: Perception Pipeline

Raw Sensors → Preprocessing → Detection/Estimation → Fusion → World Model

Sensor Fusion Architecture

class SensorFusion:
    """Multi-sensor fusion using a central world model"""

    def __init__(self):
        self.world_model = WorldModel()
        self.filters = {
            'pose': ExtendedKalmanFilter(state_dim=6),
            'objects': MultiObjectTracker(),
        }

    def update_from_camera(self, detections, timestamp):
        """Camera provides object detections with high latency"""
        for det in detections:
            self.filters['objects'].update(
                det, sensor='camera',
                uncertainty=det.confidence,
                timestamp=timestamp
            )

    def update_from_lidar(self, points, timestamp):
        """LiDAR provides precise geometry with lower latency"""
        clusters = self.segment_points(points)
        for cluster in clusters:
            self.filters['objects'].update(
                cluster, sensor='lidar',
                uncertainty=0.02,  # 2cm typical LiDAR accuracy
                timestamp=timestamp
            )

    def update_from_imu(self, imu_data, timestamp):
        """IMU provides high-frequency attitude estimates"""
        self.filters['pose'].predict(imu_data, dt=timestamp - self.last_imu_t)
        self.last_imu_t = timestamp

    def get_world_state(self):
        """Query the fused world model"""
        return WorldState(
            robot_pose=self.filters['pose'].state,
            objects=self.filters['objects'].get_tracked_objects(),
            confidence=self.filters['objects'].get_confidence_map()
        )

The Perception-Action Loop Timing

Camera (30Hz)  ─┐
LiDAR (10Hz)   ─┼──→ Fusion (50Hz) ──→ Planner (10Hz) ──→ Controller (100Hz+)
IMU (200Hz)    ─┘

RULE: Controller frequency > Planner frequency > Sensor frequency
      This ensures smooth execution despite variable perception latency.

Pattern 5: Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

Never let application code talk directly to hardware. Always go through an abstraction layer.

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class GripperInterface(ABC):
    """Abstract gripper interface — implement for each hardware type"""

    @abstractmethod
    def open(self, width: float = 1.0) -> bool: ...

    @abstractmethod
    def close(self, force: float = 0.5) -> bool: ...

    @abstractmethod
    def get_state(self) -> GripperState: ...

    @abstractmethod
    def get_width(self) -> float: ...


class RobotiqGripper(GripperInterface):
    """Concrete implementation for Robotiq 2F-85"""
    def __init__(self, port='/dev/ttyUSB0'):
        self.serial = serial.Serial(port, 115200)
        # ... Modbus RTU setup

    def close(self, force=0.5):
        cmd = self._build_modbus_cmd(force=int(force * 255))
        self.serial.write(cmd)
        return self._wait_for_completion()


class SimulatedGripper(GripperInterface):
    """Simulation gripper for testing"""
    def __init__(self):
        self.width = 0.085  # 85mm open
        self.state = GripperState.OPEN

    def close(self, force=0.5):
        self.width = 0.0
        self.state = GripperState.CLOSED
        return True


# Factory pattern for hardware instantiation
def create_gripper(config: dict) -> GripperInterface:
    gripper_type = config.get('type', 'simulated')
    if gripper_type == 'robotiq':
        return RobotiqGripper(port=config['port'])
    elif gripper_type == 'simulated':
        return SimulatedGripper()
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown gripper type: {gripper_type}")

Pattern 6: Safety Systems

The Safety Hierarchy

Level 0: Hardware E-Stop (physical button, cuts power)
Level 1: Safety-rated controller (SIL2/SIL3, hardware watchdog)
Level 2: Software watchdog (moni