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jettbrains / L W3C Strategic Highlights September 2019 This report was prepared for the September 2019 W3C Advisory Committee Meeting (W3C Member link). See the accompanying W3C Fact Sheet — September 2019. For the previous edition, see the April 2019 W3C Strategic Highlights. For future editions of this report, please consult the latest version. A Chinese translation is available. ☰ Contents Introduction Future Web Standards Meeting Industry Needs Web Payments Digital Publishing Media and Entertainment Web & Telecommunications Real-Time Communications (WebRTC) Web & Networks Automotive Web of Things Strengthening the Core of the Web HTML CSS Fonts SVG Audio Performance Web Performance WebAssembly Testing Browser Testing and Tools WebPlatform Tests Web of Data Web for All Security, Privacy, Identity Internationalization (i18n) Web Accessibility Outreach to the world W3C Developer Relations W3C Training Translations W3C Liaisons Introduction This report highlights recent work of enhancement of the existing landscape of the Web platform and innovation for the growth and strength of the Web. 33 working groups and a dozen interest groups enable W3C to pursue its mission through the creation of Web standards, guidelines, and supporting materials. We track the tremendous work done across the Consortium through homogeneous work-spaces in Github which enables better monitoring and management. We are in the middle of a period where we are chartering numerous working groups which demonstrate the rapid degree of change for the Web platform: After 4 years, we are nearly ready to publish a Payment Request API Proposed Recommendation and we need to soon charter follow-on work. In the last year we chartered the Web Payment Security Interest Group. In the last year we chartered the Web Media Working Group with 7 specifications for next generation Media support on the Web. We have Accessibility Guidelines under W3C Member review which includes Silver, a new approach. We have just launched the Decentralized Identifier Working Group which has tremendous potential because Decentralized Identifier (DID) is an identifier that is globally unique, resolveable with high availability, and cryptographically verifiable. We have Privacy IG (PING) under W3C Member review which strengthens our focus on the tradeoff between privacy and function. We have a new CSS charter under W3C Member review which maps the group's work for the next three years. In this period, W3C and the WHATWG have succesfully completed the negotiation of a Memorandum of Understanding rooted in the mutual belief that that having two distinct specifications claiming to be normative is generally harmful for the Web community. The MOU, signed last May, describes how the two organizations are to collaborate on the development of a single authoritative version of the HTML and DOM specifications. W3C subsequently rechartered the HTML Working Group to assist the W3C community in raising issues and proposing solutions for the HTML and DOM specifications, and for the production of W3C Recommendations from WHATWG Review Drafts. As the Web evolves continuously, some groups are looking for ways for specifications to do so as well. So-called "evergreen recommendations" or "living standards" aim to track continuous development (and maintenance) of features, on a feature-by-feature basis, while getting review and patent commitments. We see the maturation and further development of an incredible number of new technologies coming to the Web. Continued progress in many areas demonstrates the vitality of the W3C and the Web community, as the rest of the report illustrates. Future Web Standards W3C has a variety of mechanisms for listening to what the community thinks could become good future Web standards. These include discussions with the Membership, discussions with other standards bodies, the activities of thousands of participants in over 300 community groups, and W3C Workshops. There are lots of good ideas. The W3C strategy team has been identifying promising topics and invites public participation. Future, recent and under consideration Workshops include: Inclusive XR (5-6 November 2019, Seattle, WA, USA) to explore existing and future approaches on making Virtual and Augmented Reality experiences more inclusive, including to people with disabilities; W3C Workshop on Data Models for Transportation (12-13 September 2019, Palo Alto, CA, USA) W3C Workshop on Web Games (27-28 June 2019, Redmond, WA, USA), view report Second W3C Workshop on the Web of Things (3-5 June 2019, Munich, Germany) W3C Workshop on Web Standardization for Graph Data; Creating Bridges: RDF, Property Graph and SQL (4-6 March 2019, Berlin, Germany), view report Web & Machine Learning. The Strategy Funnel documents the staff's exploration of potential new work at various phases: Exploration and Investigation, Incubation and Evaluation, and eventually to the chartering of a new standards group. The Funnel view is a GitHub Project where new area are issues represented by “cards” which move through the columns, usually from left to right. Most cards start in Exploration and move towards Chartering, or move out of the funnel. Public input is welcome at any stage but particularly once Incubation has begun. This helps W3C identify work that is sufficiently incubated to warrant standardization, to review the ecosystem around the work and indicate interest in participating in its standardization, and then to draft a charter that reflects an appropriate scope. Ongoing feedback can speed up the overall standardization process. Since the previous highlights document, W3C has chartered a number of groups, and started discussion on many more: Newly Chartered or Rechartered Web Application Security WG (03-Apr) Web Payment Security IG (17-Apr) Patent and Standards IG (24-Apr) Web Applications WG (14-May) Web & Networks IG (16-May) Media WG (23-May) Media and Entertainment IG (06-Jun) HTML WG (06-Jun) Decentralized Identifier WG (05-Sep) Extended Privacy IG (PING) (30-Sep) Verifiable Claims WG (30-Sep) Service Workers WG (31-Dec) Dataset Exchange WG (31-Dec) Web of Things Working Group (31-Dec) Web Audio Working Group (31-Dec) Proposed charters / Advance Notice Accessibility Guidelines WG Privacy IG (PING) RDF Literal Direction WG Timed Text WG CSS WG Web Authentication WG Closed Internationalization Tag Set IG Meeting Industry Needs Web Payments All Web Payments specifications W3C's payments standards enable a streamlined checkout experience, enabling a consistent user experience across the Web with lower front end development costs for merchants. Users can store and reuse information and more quickly and accurately complete online transactions. The Web Payments Working Group has republished Payment Request API as a Candidate Recommendation, aiming to publish a Proposed Recommendation in the Fall 2019, and is discussing use cases and features for Payment Request after publication of the 1.0 Recommendation. Browser vendors have been finalizing implementation of features added in the past year (view the implementation report). As work continues on the Payment Handler API and its implementation (currently in Chrome and Edge Canary), one focus in 2019 is to increase adoption in other browsers. Recently, Mastercard demonstrated the use of Payment Request API to carry out EMVCo's Secure Remote Commerce (SRC) protocol whose payment method definition is being developed with active participation by Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover. Payment method availability is a key factor in merchant considerations about adopting Payment Request API. The ability to get uniform adoption of a new payment method such as Secure Remote Commerce (SRC) also depends on the availability of the Payment Handler API in browsers, or of proprietary alternatives. Web Monetization, which the Web Payments Working Group will discuss again at its face-to-face meeting in September, can be used to enable micropayments as an alternative revenue stream to advertising. Since the beginning of 2019, Amazon, Brave Software, JCB, Certus Cybersecurity Solutions and Netflix have joined the Web Payments Working Group. In April, W3C launched the Web Payment Security Group to enable W3C, EMVCo, and the FIDO Alliance to collaborate on a vision for Web payment security and interoperability. Participants will define areas of collaboration and identify gaps between existing technical specifications in order to increase compatibility among different technologies, such as: How do SRC, FIDO, and Payment Request relate? The Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2) regulations in Europe are scheduled to take effect in September 2019. What is the role of EMVCo, W3C, and FIDO technologies, and what is the current state of readiness for the deadline? How can we improve privacy on the Web at the same time as we meet industry requirements regarding user identity? Digital Publishing All Digital Publishing specifications, Publication milestones The Web is the universal publishing platform. Publishing is increasingly impacted by the Web, and the Web increasingly impacts Publishing. Topic of particular interest to Publishing@W3C include typography and layout, accessibility, usability, portability, distribution, archiving, offline access, print on demand, and reliable cross referencing. And the diverse publishing community represented in the groups consist of the traditional "trade" publishers, ebook reading system manufacturers, but also publishers of audio book, scholarly journals or educational materials, library scientists or browser developers. The Publishing Working Group currently concentrates on Audiobooks which lack a comprehensive standard, thus incurring extra costs and time to publish in this booming market. Active development is ongoing on the future standard: Publication Manifest Audiobook profile for Web Publications Lightweight Packaging Format The BD Comics Manga Community Group, the Synchronized Multimedia for Publications Community Group, the Publishing Community Group and a future group on archival, are companions to the working group where specific work is developed and incubated. The Publishing Community Group is a recently launched incubation channel for Publishing@W3C. The goal of the group is to propose, document, and prototype features broadly related to: publications on the Web reading modes and systems and the user experience of publications The EPUB 3 Community Group has successfully completed the revision of EPUB 3.2. The Publishing Business Group fosters ongoing participation by members of the publishing industry and the overall ecosystem in the development of Web infrastructure to better support the needs of the industry. The Business Group serves as an additional conduit to the Publishing Working Group and several Community Groups for feedback between the publishing ecosystem and W3C. The Publishing BG has played a vital role in fostering and advancing the adoption and continued development of EPUB 3. In particular the BG provided critical support to the update of EPUBCheck to validate EPUB content to the new EPUB 3.2 specification. This resulted in the development, in conjunction with the EPUB3 Community Group, of a new generation of EPUBCheck, i.e., EPUBCheck 4.2 production-ready release. Media and Entertainment All Media specifications The Media and Entertainment vertical tracks media-related topics and features that create immersive experiences for end users. HTML5 brought standard audio and video elements to the Web. Standardization activities since then have aimed at turning the Web into a professional platform fully suitable for the delivery of media content and associated materials, enabling missing features to stream video content on the Web such as adaptive streaming and content protection. Together with Microsoft, Comcast, Netflix and Google, W3C received an Technology & Engineering Emmy Award in April 2019 for standardization of a full TV experience on the Web. Current goals are to: Reinforce core media technologies: Creation of the Media Working Group, to develop media-related specifications incubated in the WICG (e.g. Media Capabilities, Picture-in-picture, Media Session) and maintain maintain/evolve Media Source Extensions (MSE) and Encrypted Media Extensions (EME). Improve support for Media Timed Events: data cues incubation. Enhance color support (HDR, wide gamut), in scope of the CSS WG and in the Color on the Web CG. Reduce fragmentation: Continue annual releases of a common and testable baseline media devices, in scope of the Web Media APIs CG and in collaboration with the CTA WAVE Project. Maintain the Road-map of Media Technologies for the Web which highlights Web technologies that can be used to build media applications and services, as well as known gaps to enable additional use cases. Create the future: Discuss perspectives for Media and Entertainment for the Web. Bring the power of GPUs to the Web (graphics, machine learning, heavy processing), under incubation in the GPU for the Web CG. Transition to a Working Group is under discussion. Determine next steps after the successful W3C Workshop on Web Games of June 2019. View the report. Timed Text The Timed Text Working Group develops and maintains formats used for the representation of text synchronized with other timed media, like audio and video, and notably works on TTML, profiles of TTML, and WebVTT. Recent progress includes: A robust WebVTT implementation report poises the specification for publication as a proposed recommendation. Discussions around re-chartering, notably to add a TTML Profile for Audio Description deliverable to the scope of the group, and clarify that rendering of captions within XR content is also in scope. Immersive Web Hardware that enables Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) applications are now broadly available to consumers, offering an immersive computing platform with both new opportunities and challenges. The ability to interact directly with immersive hardware is critical to ensuring that the web is well equipped to operate as a first-class citizen in this environment. The Immersive Web Working Group has been stabilizing the WebXR Device API while the companion Immersive Web Community Group incubates the next series of features identified as key for the future of the Immersive Web. W3C plans a workshop focused on the needs and benefits at the intersection of VR & Accessibility (Inclusive XR), on 5-6 November 2019 in Seattle, WA, USA, to explore existing and future approaches on making Virtual and Augmented Reality experiences more inclusive. Web & Telecommunications The Web is the Open Platform for Mobile. Telecommunication service providers and network equipment providers have long been critical actors in the deployment of Web technologies. As the Web platform matures, it brings richer and richer capabilities to extend existing services to new users and devices, and propose new and innovative services. Real-Time Communications (WebRTC) All Real-Time Communications specifications WebRTC has reshaped the whole communication landscape by making any connected device a potential communication end-point, bringing audio and video communications anywhere, on any network, vastly expanding the ability of operators to reach their customers. WebRTC serves as the corner-stone of many online communication and collaboration services. The WebRTC Working Group aims to bringing WebRTC 1.0 (and companion specification Media Capture and Streams) to Recommendation by the end of 2019. Intense efforts are focused on testing (supported by a dedicated hackathon at IETF 104) and interoperability. The group is considering pushing features that have not gotten enough traction to separate modules or to a later minor revision of the spec. Beyond WebRTC 1.0, the WebRTC Working Group will focus its efforts on WebRTC NV which the group has started documenting by identifying use cases. Web & Networks Recently launched, in the wake of the May 2018 Web5G workshop, the Web & Networks Interest Group is chaired by representatives from AT&T, China Mobile and Intel, with a goal to explore solutions for web applications to achieve better performance and resource allocation, both on the device and network. The group's first efforts are around use cases, privacy & security requirements and liaisons. Automotive All Automotive specifications To create a rich application ecosystem for vehicles and other devices allowed to connect to the vehicle, the W3C Automotive Working Group is delivering a service specification to expose all common vehicle signals (engine temperature, fuel/charge level, range, tire pressure, speed, etc.) The Vehicle Information Service Specification (VISS), which is a Candidate Recommendation, is seeing more implementations across the industry. It provides the access method to a common data model for all the vehicle signals –presently encapsulating a thousand or so different data elements– and will be growing to accommodate the advances in automotive such as autonomous and driver assist technologies and electrification. The group is already working on a successor to VISS, leveraging the underlying data model and the VIWI submission from Volkswagen, for a more robust means of accessing vehicle signals information and the same paradigm for other automotive needs including location-based services, media, notifications and caching content. The Automotive and Web Platform Business Group acts as an incubator for prospective standards work. One of its task forces is using W3C VISS in performing data sampling and off-boarding the information to the cloud. Access to the wealth of information that W3C's auto signals standard exposes is of interest to regulators, urban planners, insurance companies, auto manufacturers, fleet managers and owners, service providers and others. In addition to components needed for data sampling and edge computing, capturing user and owner consent, information collection methods and handling of data are in scope. The upcoming W3C Workshop on Data Models for Transportation (September 2019) is expected to focus on the need of additional ontologies around transportation space. Web of Things All Web of Things specifications W3C's Web of Things work is designed to bridge disparate technology stacks to allow devices to work together and achieve scale, thus enabling the potential of the Internet of Things by eliminating fragmentation and fostering interoperability. Thing descriptions expressed in JSON-LD cover the behavior, interaction affordances, data schema, security configuration, and protocol bindings. The Web of Things complements existing IoT ecosystems to reduce the cost and risk for suppliers and consumers of applications that create value by combining multiple devices and information services. There are many sectors that will benefit, e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart industry, smart agriculture, smart healthcare and many more. The Web of Things Working Group is finishing the initial Web of Things standards, with support from the Web of Things Interest Group: Web of Things Architecture Thing Descriptions Strengthening the Core of the Web HTML The HTML Working Group was chartered early June to assist the W3C community in raising issues and proposing solutions for the HTML and DOM specifications, and to produce W3C Recommendations from WHATWG Review Drafts. A few days before, W3C and the WHATWG signed a Memorandum of Understanding outlining the agreement to collaborate on the development of a single version of the HTML and DOM specifications. Issues and proposed solutions for HTML and DOM done via the newly rechartered HTML Working Group in the WHATWG repositories The HTML Working Group is targetting November 2019 to bring HTML and DOM to Candidate Recommendations. CSS All CSS specifications CSS is a critical part of the Open Web Platform. The CSS Working Group gathers requirements from two large groups of CSS users: the publishing industry and application developers. Within W3C, those groups are exemplified by the Publishing groups and the Web Platform Working Group. The former requires things like better pagination support and advanced font handling, the latter needs intelligent (and fast!) scrolling and animations. What we know as CSS is actually a collection of almost a hundred specifications, referred to as ‘modules’. The current state of CSS is defined by a snapshot, updated once a year. The group also publishes an index defining every term defined by CSS specifications. Fonts All Fonts specifications The Web Fonts Working Group develops specifications that allow the interoperable deployment of downloadable fonts on the Web, with a focus on Progressive Font Enrichment as well as maintenance of WOFF Recommendations. Recent and ongoing work includes: Early API experiments by Adobe and Monotype have demonstrated the feasibility of a font enrichment API, where a server delivers a font with minimal glyph repertoire and the client can query the full repertoire and request additional subsets on-the-fly. In other experiments, the Brotli compression used in WOFF 2 was extended to support shared dictionaries and patch update. Metrics to quantify improvement are a current hot discussion topic. The group will meet at ATypi 2019 in Japan, to gather requirements from the international typography community. The group will first produce a report summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of each prototype solution by Q2 2020. SVG All SVG specifications SVG is an important and widely-used part of the Open Web Platform. The SVG Working Group focuses on aligning the SVG 2.0 specification with browser implementations, having split the specification into a currently-implemented 2.0 and a forward-looking 2.1. Current activity is on stabilization, increased integration with the Open Web Platform, and test coverage analysis. The Working Group was rechartered in March 2019. A new work item concerns native (non-Web-browser) uses of SVG as a non-interactive, vector graphics format. Audio The Web Audio Working Group was extended to finish its work on the Web Audio API, expecting to publish it as a Recommendation by year end. The specification enables synthesizing audio in the browser. Audio operations are performed with audio nodes, which are linked together to form a modular audio routing graph. Multiple sources — with different types of channel layout — are supported. This modular design provides the flexibility to create complex audio functions with dynamic effects. The first version of Web Audio API is now feature complete and is implemented in all modern browsers. Work has started on the next version, and new features are being incubated in the Audio Community Group. Performance Web Performance All Web Performance specifications There are currently 18 specifications in development in the Web Performance Working Group aiming to provide methods to observe and improve aspects of application performance of user agent features and APIs. The W3C team is looking at related work incubated in the W3C GPU for the Web (WebGPU) Community Group which is poised to transition to a W3C Working Group. A preliminary draft charter is available. WebAssembly All WebAssembly specifications WebAssembly improves Web performance and power by being a virtual machine and execution environment enabling loaded pages to run native (compiled) code. It is deployed in Firefox, Edge, Safari and Chrome. The specification will soon reach Candidate Recommendation. WebAssembly enables near-native performance, optimized load time, and perhaps most importantly, a compilation target for existing code bases. While it has a small number of native types, much of the performance increase relative to Javascript derives from its use of consistent typing. WebAssembly leverages decades of optimization for compiled languages and the byte code is optimized for compactness and streaming (the web page starts executing while the rest of the code downloads). Network and API access all occurs through accompanying Javascript libraries -- the security model is identical to that of Javascript. Requirements gathering and language development occur in the Community Group while the Working Group manages test development, community review and progression of specifications on the Recommendation Track. Testing Browser testing plays a critical role in the growth of the Web by: Improving the reliability of Web technology definitions; Improving the quality of implementations of these technologies by helping vendors to detect bugs in their products; Improving the data available to Web developers on known bugs and deficiencies of Web technologies by publishing results of these tests. Browser Testing and Tools The Browser Testing and Tools Working Group is developing WebDriver version 2, having published last year the W3C Recommendation of WebDriver. WebDriver acts as a remote control interface that enables introspection and control of user agents, provides a platform- and language-neutral wire protocol as a way for out-of-process programs to remotely instruct the behavior of Web, and emulates the actions of a real person using the browser. WebPlatform Tests The WebPlatform Tests project now provides a mechanism which allows to fully automate tests that previously needed to be run manually: TestDriver. TestDriver enables sending trusted key and mouse events, sending complex series of trusted pointer and key interactions for things like in-content drag-and-drop or pinch zoom, and even file upload. Since 2014 W3C began work on this coordinated open-source effort to build a cross-browser test suite for the Web Platform, which WHATWG, and all major browsers adopted. Web of Data All Data specifications There have been several great success stories around the standardization of data on the web over the past year. Verifiable Claims seems to have significant uptake. It is also significant that the Distributed Identifier WG charter has received numerous favorable reviews, and was just recently launched. JSON-LD has been a major success with the large deployment on Web sites via schema.org. JSON-LD 1.1 completed technical work, about to transition to CR More than 25% of websites today include schema.org data in JSON-LD The Web of Things description is in CR since May, making use of JSON-LD Verifiable Credentials data model is in CR since July, also making use of JSON-LD Continued strong interest in decentralized identifiers Engagement from the TAG with reframing core documents, such as Ethical Web Principles, to include data on the web within their scope Data is increasingly important for all organizations, especially with the rise of IoT and Big Data. W3C has a mature and extensive suite of standards relating to data that were developed over two decades of experience, with plans for further work on making it easier for developers to work with graph data and knowledge graphs. Linked Data is about the use of URIs as names for things, the ability to dereference these URIs to get further information and to include links to other data. There are ever-increasing sources of open Linked Data on the Web, as well as data services that are restricted to the suppliers and consumers of those services. The digital transformation of industry is seeking to exploit advanced digital technologies. This will facilitate businesses to integrate horizontally along the supply and value chains, and vertically from the factory floor to the office floor. W3C is seeking to make it easier to support enterprise-wide data management and governance, reflecting the strategic importance of data to modern businesses. Traditional approaches to data have focused on tabular databases (SQL/RDBMS), Comma Separated Value (CSV) files, and data embedded in PDF documents and spreadsheets. We're now in midst of a major shift to graph data with nodes and labeled directed links between them. Graph data is: Faster than using SQL and associated JOIN operations More favorable to integrating data from heterogeneous sources Better suited to situations where the data model is evolving In the wake of the recent W3C Workshop on Graph Data we are in the process of launching a Graph Standardization Business Group to provide a business perspective with use cases and requirements, to coordinate technical standards work and liaisons with external organizations. Web for All Security, Privacy, Identity All Security specifications, all Privacy specifications Authentication on the Web As the WebAuthn Level 1 W3C Recommendation published last March is seeing wide implementation and adoption of strong cryptographic authentication, work is proceeding on Level 2. The open standard Web API gives native authentication technology built into native platforms, browsers, operating systems (including mobile) and hardware, offering protection against hacking, credential theft, phishing attacks, thus aiming to end the era of passwords as a security construct. You may read more in our March press release. Privacy An increasing number of W3C specifications are benefitting from Privacy and Security review; there are security and privacy aspects to every specification. Early review is essential. Working with the TAG, the Privacy Interest Group has updated the Self-Review Questionnaire: Security and Privacy. Other recent work of the group includes public blogging further to the exploration of anti-patterns in standards and permission prompts. Security The Web Application Security Working Group adopted Feature Policy, aiming to allow developers to selectively enable, disable, or modify the behavior of some of these browser features and APIs within their application; and Fetch Metadata, aiming to provide servers with enough information to make a priori decisions about whether or not to service a request based on the way it was made, and the context in which it will be used. The Web Payment Security Interest Group, launched last April, convenes members from W3C, EMVCo, and the FIDO Alliance to discuss cooperative work to enhance the security and interoperability of Web payments (read more about payments). Internationalization (i18n) All Internationalization specifications, educational articles related to Internationalization, spec developers checklist Only a quarter or so current Web users use English online and that proportion will continue to decrease as the Web reaches more and more communities of limited English proficiency. If the Web is to live up to the "World Wide" portion of its name, and for the Web to truly work for stakeholders all around the world engaging with content in various languages, it must support the needs of worldwide users as they engage with content in the various languages. The growth of epublishing also brings requirements for new features and improved typography on the Web. It is important to ensure the needs of local communities are captured. The W3C Internationalization Initiative was set up to increase in-house resources dedicated to accelerating progress in making the World Wide Web "worldwide" by gathering user requirements, supporting developers, and education & outreach. For an overview of current projects see the i18n radar. W3C's Internationalization efforts progressed on a number of fronts recently: Requirements: New African and European language groups will work on the gap analysis, errata and layout requirements. Gap analysis: Japanese, Devanagari, Bengali, Tamil, Lao, Khmer, Javanese, and Ethiopic updated in the gap-analysis documents. Layout requirements document: notable progress tracked in the Southeast Asian Task Force while work continues on Chinese layout requirements. Developer support: Spec reviews: the i18n WG continues active review of specifications of the WHATWG and other W3C Working Groups. Short review checklist: easy way to begin a self-review to help spec developers understand what aspects of their spec are likely to need attention for internationalization, and points them to more detailed checklists for the relevant topics. It also helps those reviewing specs for i18n issues. Strings on the Web: Language and Direction Metadata lays out issues and discusses potential solutions for passing information about language and direction with strings in JSON or other data formats. The document was rewritten for clarity, and expanded. The group is collaborating with the JSON-LD and Web Publishing groups to develop a plan for updating RDF, JSON-LD and related specifications to handle metadata for base direction of text (bidi). User-friendly test format: a new format was developed for Internationalization Test Suite tests, which displays helpful information about how the test works. This particularly useful because those tests are pointed to by educational materials and gap-analysis documents. Web Platform Tests: a large number of tests in the i18n test suite have been ported to the WPT repository, including: css-counter-styles, css-ruby, css-syntax, css-test, css-text-decor, css-writing-modes, and css-pseudo. Education & outreach: (for all educational materials, see the HTML & CSS Authoring Techniques) Web Accessibility All Accessibility specifications, WAI resources The Web Accessibility Initiative supports W3C's Web for All mission. Recent achievements include: Education and training: Inaccessibility of CAPTCHA updated to bring our analysis and recommendations up to date with CAPTCHA practice today, concluding two years of extensive work and invaluable input from the public (read more on the W3C Blog Learn why your web content and applications should be accessible. The Education and Outreach Working Group has completed revision and updating of the Business Case for Digital Accessibility. Accessibility guidelines: The Accessibility Guidelines Working Group has continued to update WCAG Techniques and Understanding WCAG 2.1; and published a Candidate Recommendation of Accessibility Conformance Testing Rules Format 1.0 to improve inter-rater reliability when evaluating conformance of web content to WCAG An updated charter is being developed to host work on "Silver", the next generation accessibility guidelines (WCAG 2.2) There are accessibility aspects to most specifications. Check your work with the FAST checklist. Outreach to the world W3C Developer Relations To foster the excellent feedback loop between Web Standards development and Web developers, and to grow participation from that diverse community, recent W3C Developer Relations activities include: @w3cdevs tracks the enormous amount of work happening across W3C W3C Track during the Web Conference 2019 in San Francisco Tech videos: W3C published the 2019 Web Games Workshop videos The 16 September 2019 Developer Meetup in Fukuoka, Japan, is open to all and will combine a set of technical demos prepared by W3C groups, and a series of talks on a selected set of W3C technologies and projects W3C is involved with Mozilla, Google, Samsung, Microsoft and Bocoup in the organization of ViewSource 2019 in Amsterdam (read more on the W3C Blog) W3C Training In partnership with EdX, W3C's MOOC training program, W3Cx offers a complete "Front-End Web Developer" (FEWD) professional certificate program that consists of a suite of five courses on the foundational languages that power the Web: HTML5, CSS and JavaScript. We count nearly 900K students from all over the world. Translations Many Web users rely on translations of documents developed at W3C whose official language is English. W3C is extremely grateful to the continuous efforts of its community in ensuring our various deliverables in general, and in our specifications in particular, are made available in other languages, for free, ensuring their exposure to a much more diverse set of readers. Last Spring we developed a more robust system, a new listing of translations of W3C specifications and updated the instructions on how to contribute to our translation efforts. W3C Liaisons Liaisons and coordination with numerous organizations and Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) is crucial for W3C to: make sure standards are interoperable coordinate our respective agenda in Internet governance: W3C participates in ICANN, GIPO, IGF, the I* organizations (ICANN, IETF, ISOC, IAB). ensure at the government liaison level that our standards work is officially recognized when important to our membership so that products based on them (often done by our members) are part of procurement orders. W3C has ARO/PAS status with ISO. W3C participates in the EU MSP and Rolling Plan on Standardization ensure the global set of Web and Internet standards form a compatible stack of technologies, at the technical and policy level (patent regime, fragmentation, use in policy making) promote Standards adoption equally by the industry, the public sector, and the public at large Coralie Mercier, Editor, W3C Marketing & Communications $Id: Overview.html,v 1.60 2019/10/15 12:05:52 coralie Exp $ Copyright © 2019 W3C ® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang) Usage policies apply.
thirdweb-example / Play To Earn GameUse thirdweb's token, edition drop, and a custom contract using thirdweb deploy to build a Play-to-Earn game!
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Ch-Jad / CH JaDi Rajput1# Cmder [](https://gitter.im/cmderdev/cmder?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge) [](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/MartiUK/cmder) Cmder is a **software package** created out of pure frustration over absence of usable console emulator on Windows. It is based on [ConEmu](https://conemu.github.io/) with *major* config overhaul, comes with a Monokai color scheme, amazing [clink](https://chrisant996.github.io/clink/) (further enhanced by [clink-completions](https://github.com/vladimir-kotikov/clink-completions)) and a custom prompt layout.  ## Why use it The main advantage of Cmder is portability. It is designed to be totally self-contained with no external dependencies, which makes it great for **USB Sticks** or **cloud storage**. So you can carry your console, aliases and binaries (like wget, curl and git) with you anywhere. The Cmder's user interface is also designed to be more eye pleasing, and you can compare the main differences between Cmder and ConEmu [here](https://conemu.github.io/en/cmder.html). ## Installation ### Single User Portable Config 1. Download the [latest release](https://github.com/cmderdev/cmder/releases/) 2. Extract the archive. *Note: This path should not be `C:\Program Files` or anywhere else that would require Administrator access for modifying configuration files* 3. (optional) Place your own executable files into the `%cmder_root%\bin` folder to be injected into your PATH. 4. Run `Cmder.exe` ### Shared Cmder install with Non-Portable Individual User Config 1. Download the [latest release](https://github.com/cmderdev/cmder/releases/) 2. Extract the archive to a shared location. 3. (optional) Place your own executable files and custom app folders into the `%cmder_root%\bin`. See: [bin/README.md](./bin/Readme.md) - This folder to be injected into your PATH by default. - See `/max_depth [1-5]` in 'Command Line Arguments for `init.bat`' table to add subdirectories recursively. 4. (optional) Place your own custom app folders into the `%cmder_root%\opt`. See: [opt/README.md](./opt/Readme.md) - This folder will NOT be injected into your PATH so you have total control of what gets added. 5. Run `Cmder.exe` with `/C` command line argument. Example: `cmder.exe /C %userprofile%\cmder_config` * This will create the following directory structure if it is missing. ``` c:\users\[CH JaDi Rajput]\cmder_config ├───bin ├───config │ └───profile.d └───opt ``` - (optional) Place your own executable files and custom app folders into `%userprofile%\cmder_config\bin`. - This folder to be injected into your PATH by default. - See `/max_depth [1-5]` in 'Command Line Arguments for `init.bat`' table to add subdirectories recursively. - (optional) Place your own custom app folders into the `%user_profile%\cmder_config\opt`. - This folder will NOT be injected into your PATH so you have total control of what gets added. * Both the shared install and the individual user config locations can contain a full set of init and profile.d scripts enabling shared config with user overrides. See below. ## Cmder.exe Command Line Arguments | Argument | Description | | ------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `/C [user_root_path]` | Individual user Cmder root folder. Example: `%userprofile%\cmder_config` | | `/M` | Use `conemu-%computername%.xml` for ConEmu settings storage instead of `user_conemu.xml` | | `/REGISTER [ALL, USER]` | Register a Windows Shell Menu shortcut. | | `/UNREGISTER [ALL, USER]` | Un-register a Windows Shell Menu shortcut. | | `/SINGLE` | Start Cmder in single mode. | | `/START [start_path]` | Folder path to start in. | | `/TASK [task_name]` | Task to start after launch. | | `/X [ConEmu extras pars]` | Forwards parameters to ConEmu | ## Context Menu Integration So you've experimented with Cmder a little and want to give it a shot in a more permanent home; ### Shortcut to open Cmder in a chosen folder 1. Open a terminal as an Administrator 2. Navigate to the directory you have placed Cmder 3. Execute `.\cmder.exe /REGISTER ALL` _If you get a message "Access Denied" ensure you are executing the command in an **Administrator** prompt._ In a file explorer window right click in or on a directory to see "Cmder Here" in the context menu. ## Keyboard shortcuts ### Tab manipulation * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>T</kbd> : New tab dialog (maybe you want to open cmd as admin?) * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>W</kbd> : Close tab * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>D</kbd> : Close tab (if pressed on empty command) * <kbd>Shift</kbd> + <kbd>Alt</kbd> + <kbd>#Number</kbd> : Fast new tab: <kbd>1</kbd> - CMD, <kbd>2</kbd> - PowerShell * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>Tab</kbd> : Switch to next tab * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>Shift</kbd> + <kbd>Tab</kbd> : Switch to previous tab * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>#Number</kbd> : Switch to tab #Number * <kbd>Alt</kbd> + <kbd>Enter</kbd>: Fullscreen ### Shell * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>Alt</kbd> + <kbd>U</kbd> : Traverse up in directory structure (lovely feature!) * <kbd>End</kbd>, <kbd>Home</kbd>, <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> : Traversing text with as usual on Windows * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>R</kbd> : History search * <kbd>Shift</kbd> + Mouse : Select and copy text from buffer _(Some shortcuts are not yet documented, though they exist - please document them here)_ ## Features ### Access to multiple shells in one window using tabs You can open multiple tabs each containing one of the following shells: | Task | Shell | Description | | ---- | ----- | ----------- | | Cmder | `cmd.exe` | Windows `cmd.exe` shell enhanced with Git, Git aware prompt, Clink (GNU Readline), and Aliases. | | Cmder as Admin | `cmd.exe` | Administrative Windows `cmd.exe` Cmder shell. | | PowerShell | `powershell.exe` | Windows PowerShell enhanced with Git and Git aware prompt . | | PowerShell as Admin | `powershell.exe` | Administrative Windows `powershell.exe` Cmder shell. | | Bash | `bash.exe` | Unix/Linux like bash shell running on Windows. | | Bash as Admin | `bash.exe` | Administrative Unix/Linux like bash shell running on Windows. | | Mintty | `bash.exe` | Unix/Linux like bash shell running on Windows. See below for Mintty configuration differences | | Mintty as Admin | `bash.exe` | Administrative Unix/Linux like bash shell running on Windows. See below for Mintty configuration differences | Cmder, PowerShell, and Bash tabs all run on top of the Windows Console API and work as you might expect in Cmder with access to use ConEmu's color schemes, key bindings and other settings defined in the ConEmu Settings dialog. ⚠ *NOTE:* Only the full edition of Cmder comes with a pre-installed bash, using a vendored [git-for-windows](https://gitforwindows.org/) installation. The pre-configured Bash tabs may not work on Cmder mini edition without additional configuration. You may however, choose to use an external installation of bash, such as Microsoft's [Subsystem for Linux](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install-win10) (called WSL) or the [Cygwin](https://cygwin.com/) project which provides POSIX support on windows. ⚠ *NOTE:* Mintty tabs use a program called 'mintty' as the terminal emulator that is not based on the Windows Console API, rather it's rendered graphically by ConEmu. Mintty differs from the other tabs in that it supports xterm/xterm-256color TERM types, and does not work with ConEmu settings like color schemes and key bindings. As such, some differences in functionality are to be expected, such as Cmder not being able to apply a system-wide configuration to it. As a result mintty specific config is done via the `[%USERPROFILE%|$HOME]/.minttyrc` file. You may read more about Mintty and its config file [here](https://github.com/mintty/mintty). An example of setting Cmder portable terminal colors for mintty: From a bash/mintty shell: ``` cd $CMDER_ROOT/vendor git clone https://github.com/karlin/mintty-colors-solarized.git cd mintty-colors-solarized/ echo source \$CMDER_ROOT/vendor/mintty-colors-solarized/mintty-solarized-dark.sh>>$CMDER_ROOT/config/user_profile.sh ``` You may find some Monokai color schemes for mintty to match Cmder [here](https://github.com/oumu/mintty-color-schemes/blob/master/base16-monokai-mod.minttyrc). ### Changing Cmder Default `cmd.exe` Prompt Config File The default Cmder shell `cmd::Cmder` prompt is customized using `Clink` and is configured by editing a config file that exists in one of two locations: - Single User Portable Config `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\cmder_prompt_config.lua` - Shared Cmder install with Non-Portable Individual User Config `%CMDER_USER_CONFIG%\cmder_prompt_config.lua` If your Cmder setup does not have this file create it from `%CMDER_ROOT%\vendor\cmder_prompt_config.lua.default` Customizations include: - Colors. - Single/Multi-line. - Full path/Folder only. - `[user]@[host]` to the beginning of the prompt. - `~` for home directory. - `λ` symbol Documentation is in the file for each setting. ### Changing Cmder Default `cmd.exe` Shell Startup Behaviour Using Task Arguments 1. Press <kbd>Win</kbd> + <kbd>Alt</kbd> + <kbd>T</kbd> 1. Click either: * `1. {cmd::Cmder as Admin}` * `2. {cmd::Cmder}` 1. Add command line arguments where specified below: *Note: Pay attention to the quotes!* ``` cmd /s /k ""%ConEmuDir%\..\init.bat" [ADD ARGS HERE]" ``` ##### Command Line Arguments for `init.bat` | Argument | Description | Default | | ----------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | | `/c [user cmder root]` | Enables user bin and config folders for 'Cmder as admin' sessions due to non-shared environment. | not set | | `/d` | Enables debug output. | not set | | `/f` | Enables Cmder Fast Init Mode. This disables some features, see pull request [#1492](https://github.com/cmderdev/cmder/pull/1942) for more details. | not set | | `/t` | Enables Cmder Timed Init Mode. This displays the time taken run init scripts | not set | | `/git_install_root [file path]` | User specified Git installation root path. | `%CMDER_ROOT%\vendor\Git-for-Windows` | | `/home [home folder]` | User specified folder path to set `%HOME%` environment variable. | `%userprofile%` | | `/max_depth [1-5]` | Define max recurse depth when adding to the path for `%cmder_root%\bin` and `%cmder_user_bin%` | 1 | | `/nix_tools [0-2]` | Define how `*nix` tools are added to the path. Prefer Windows Tools: 1, Prefer *nix Tools: 2, No `/usr/bin` in `%PATH%`: 0 | 1 | | `/svn_ssh [path to ssh.exe]` | Define `%SVN_SSH%` so we can use git svn with ssh svn repositories. | `%GIT_INSTALL_ROOT%\bin\ssh.exe` | | `/user_aliases [file path]` | File path pointing to user aliases. | `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\user_aliases.cmd` | | `/v` | Enables verbose output. | not set | | (custom arguments) | User defined arguments processed by `cexec`. Type `cexec /?` for more usage. | not set | ### Cmder Shell User Config Single user portable configuration is possible using the cmder specific shell config files. Edit the below files to add your own configuration: | Shell | Cmder Portable User Config | | ------------- | ----------------------------------------- | | Cmder | `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\user_profile.cmd` | | PowerShell | `$ENV:CMDER_ROOT\config\user_profile.ps1` | | Bash/Mintty | `$CMDER_ROOT/config/user_profile.sh` | Note: Bash and Mintty sessions will also source the `$HOME/.bashrc` file if it exists after it sources `$CMDER_ROOT/config/user_profile.sh`. You can write `*.cmd|*.bat`, `*.ps1`, and `*.sh` scripts and just drop them in the `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\profile.d` folder to add startup config to Cmder. | Shell | Cmder `Profile.d` Scripts | | ------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | | Cmder | `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\profile.d\*.bat and *.cmd` | | PowerShell | `$ENV:CMDER_ROOT\config\profile.d\*.ps1` | | Bash/Mintty | `$CMDER_ROOT/config/profile.d/*.sh` | #### Git Status Opt-Out To disable Cmder prompt git status globally add the following to `~/.gitconfig` or locally for a single repo `[repo]/.git/config` and start a new session. *Note: This configuration is not portable* ``` [cmder] status = false # Opt out of Git status for 'ALL' Cmder supported shells. cmdstatus = false # Opt out of Git status for 'Cmd.exe' shells. psstatus = false # Opt out of Git status for 'Powershell.exe and 'Pwsh.exe' shells. shstatus = false # Opt out of Git status for 'bash.exe' shells. ``` ### Aliases #### Cmder(`Cmd.exe`) Aliases You can define simple aliases for `cmd.exe` sessions with a command like `alias name=command`. Cmd.exe aliases support optional parameters through the `$1-9` or the `$*` special characters so the alias `vi=vim.exe $*` typed as `vi [filename]` will open `[filename]` in `vim.exe`. Cmd.exe aliases can also be more complex. See: [DOSKEY.EXE documentation](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/doskey) for additional details on complex aliases/macros for `cmd.exe` Aliases defined using the `alias.bat` command will automatically be saved in the `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\user_aliases.cmd` file To make an alias and/or any other profile settings permanent add it to one of the following: Note: These are loaded in this order by `$CMDER_ROOT/vendor/init.bat`. Anything stored in `%CMDER_ROOT%` will be a portable setting and will follow cmder to another machine. * `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\profile.d\*.cmd` and `\*.bat` * `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\user_aliases.cmd` * `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\user_profile.cmd` #### Bash.exe|Mintty.exe Aliases Bash shells support simple and complex aliases with optional parameters natively so they work a little different. Typing `alias name=command` will create an alias only for the current running session. To make an alias and/or any other profile settings permanent add it to one of the following: Note: These are loaded in this order by `$CMDER_ROOT/vendor/git-for-windows/etc/profile.d/cmder.sh`. Anything stored in `$CMDER_ROOT` will be a portable setting and will follow cmder to another machine. * `$CMDER_ROOT/config/profile.d/*.sh` * `$CMDER_ROOT/config/user_profile.sh` * `$HOME/.bashrc` If you add bash aliases to `$CMDER_ROOT/config/user_profile.sh` they will be portable and follow your Cmder folder if you copy it to another machine. `$HOME/.bashrc` defined aliases are not portable. #### PowerShell.exe Aliases PowerShell has native simple alias support, for example `[new-alias | set-alias] alias command`, so complex aliases with optional parameters are not supported in PowerShell sessions. Type `get-help [new-alias|set-alias] -full` for help on PowerShell aliases. To make an alias and/or any other profile settings permanent add it to one of the following: Note: These are loaded in this order by `$ENV:CMDER_ROOT\vendor\user_profile.ps1`. Anything stored in `$ENV:CMDER_ROOT` will be a portable setting and will follow cmder to another machine. * `$ENV:CMDER_ROOT\config\profile.d\*.ps1` * `$ENV:CMDER_ROOT\config\user_profile.ps1` ### SSH Agent To start the vendored SSH agent simply call `start-ssh-agent`, which is in the `vendor/git-for-windows/cmd` folder. If you want to run SSH agent on startup, include the line `@call "%GIT_INSTALL_ROOT%/cmd/start-ssh-agent.cmd"` in `%CMDER_ROOT%/config/user_profile.cmd` (usually just uncomment it). ### Vendored Git Cmder is by default shipped with a vendored Git installation. On each instance of launching Cmder, an attempt is made to locate any other user provided Git binaries. Upon finding a `git.exe` binary, Cmder further compares its version against the vendored one _by executing_ it. The vendored `git.exe` binary is _only_ used when it is more recent than the user-installed one. You may use your favorite version of Git by including its path in the `%PATH%` environment variable. Moreover, the **Mini** edition of Cmder (found on the [downloads page](https://github.com/cmderdev/cmder/releases)) excludes any vendored Git binaries. ### Using external Cygwin/Babun, MSys2, WSL, or Git for Windows SDK with Cmder. You may run bash (the default shell used on Linux, macOS and GNU/Hurd) externally on Cmder, using the following instructions: 1. Setup a new task by pressing <kbd>Win</kbd> +<kbd>Alt</kbd> + <kbd>T</kbd>. 1. Click the `+` button to add a task. 1. Name the new task in the top text box. 1. Provide task parameters, this is optional. 1. Add `cmd /c "[path_to_external_env]\bin\bash --login -i" -new_console` to the `Commands` text box. **Recommended Optional Steps:** Copy the `vendor/cmder_exinit` file to the Cygwin/Babun, MSys2, or Git for Windows SDK environments `/etc/profile.d/` folder to use portable settings in the `$CMDER_ROOT/config` folder. Note: MinGW could work if the init scripts include `profile.d` but this has not been tested. The destination file extension depends on the shell you use in that environment. For example: * bash - Copy to `/etc/profile.d/cmder_exinit.sh` * zsh - Copy to `/etc/profile.d/cmder_exinit.zsh` Uncomment and edit the below line in the script to use Cmder config even when launched from outside Cmder. ``` # CMDER_ROOT=${USERPROFILE}/cmder # This is not required if launched from Cmder. ``` ### Customizing user sessions using `init.bat` custom arguments. You can pass custom arguments to `init.bat` and use `cexec.cmd` in your `user_profile.cmd` to evaluate these arguments then execute commands based on a particular flag being detected or not. `init.bat` creates two shortcuts for using `cexec.cmd` in your profile scripts. #### `%ccall%` - Evaluates flags, runs commands if found, and returns to the calling script and continues. ``` ccall=call C:\Users\user\cmderdev\vendor\bin\cexec.cmd ``` Example: `%ccall% /startnotepad start notepad.exe` #### `%cexec%` - Evaluates flags, runs commands if found, and does not return to the calling script. ``` cexec=C:\Users\user\cmderdev\vendor\bin\cexec.cmd ``` Example: `%cexec% /startnotepad start notepad.exe` It is useful when you have multiple tasks to execute `cmder` and need it to initialize the session differently depending on the task chosen. To conditionally start `notepad.exe` when you start a specific `cmder` task: * Press <kbd>win</kbd>+<kbd>alt</kbd>+<kbd>t</kbd> * Click `+` to add a new task. * Add the below to the `Commands` block: ```batch cmd.exe /k ""%ConEmuDir%\..\init.bat" /startnotepad" ``` * Add the below to your `%cmder_root%\config\user_profile.cmd` ```batch %ccall% "/startNotepad" "start" "notepad.exe"` ``` To see detailed usage of `cexec`, type `cexec /?` in cmder. ### Integrating Cmder with [Hyper](https://github.com/zeit/hyper), [Microsoft VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/), and your favorite IDEs Cmder by default comes with a vendored ConEmu installation as the underlying terminal emulator, as stated [here](https://conemu.github.io/en/cmder.html). However, Cmder can in fact run in a variety of other terminal emulators, and even integrated IDEs. Assuming you have the latest version of Cmder, follow the following instructions to get Cmder working with your own terminal emulator. For instructions on how to integrate Cmder with your IDE, please read our [Wiki section](https://github.com/cmderdev/cmder/wiki#cmder-integration). ## Upgrading The process of upgrading Cmder depends on the version/build you are currently running. If you have a `[cmder_root]/config/user[-|_]conemu.xml`, you are running a newer version of Cmder, follow the below process: 1. Exit all Cmder sessions and relaunch `[cmder_root]/cmder.exe`, this backs up your existing `[cmder_root]/vendor/conemu-maximus5/conemu.xml` to `[cmder_root]/config/user[-|_]conemu.xml`. * The `[cmder_root]/config/user[-|_]conemu.xml` contains any custom settings you have made using the 'Setup Tasks' settings dialog. 2. Exit all Cmder sessions and backup any files you have manually edited under `[cmder_root]/vendor`. * Editing files under `[cmder_root]/vendor` is not recommended since you will need to re-apply these changes after any upgrade. All user customizations should go in `[cmder_root]/config` folder. 3. Delete the `[cmder_root]/vendor` folder. 4. Extract the new `cmder.zip` or `cmder_mini.zip` into `[cmder_root]/` overwriting all files when prompted. If you do not have a `[cmder_root]/config/user[-|_]conemu.xml`, you are running an older version of cmder, follow the below process: 1. Exit all Cmder sessions and backup `[cmder_root]/vendor/conemu-maximus5/conemu.xml` to `[cmder_root]/config/user[-|_]conemu.xml`. 2. Backup any files you have manually edited under `[cmder_root]/vendor`. * Editing files under `[cmder_root]/vendor` is not recommended since you will need to re-apply these changes after any upgrade. All user customizations should go in `[cmder_root]/config` folder. 3. Delete the `[cmder_root]/vendor` folder. 4. Extract the new `cmder.zip` or `cmder_mini.zip` into `[cmder_root]/` overwriting all files when prompted. ## Current development builds You can download builds of the current development branch by going to AppVeyor via the following link: [](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/MartiUK/cmder/branch/master/artifacts) ## License All software included is bundled with own license The MIT License (MIT) Copyright (c) 2016 Samuel Vasko Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Abolfazl74 / KickdropminerAutomatic Kick Drop Miner -- Web UI Edition
noahjonesx / MarkovModelMarkov Text Generation Problem Description The Infinite Monkey Theorem1 (IFT) says that if a monkey hits keys at random on a typewriter it will almost surely, given an infinite amount of time, produce a chosen text (like the Declaration of Independence, Hamlet, or a script for ... Planet of the Apes). The probability of this actually happening is, of course, very small but the IFT claims that it is still possible. Some people have tested this hypotheis in software and, after billions and billions of simulated years, one virtual monkey was able to type out a sequence of 19 letters that can be found in Shakespeare’s The Two Gentlemen of Verona. (See the April 9, 2007 edition of The New Yorker if you’re interested; but, hypothesis testing with real monkeys2 is far more entertaining.) The IFT might lead to some interesting conversations with Rust Cohle, but the practical applications are few. It does, however, bring up the idea of automated text generation, and there the ideas and applications are not only interesting but also important. Claude Shannon essentially founded the field of information theory with the publication of his landmark paper A Mathematical Theory of Computation3 in 1948. Shannon described a method for using Markov chains to produce a reasonable imitation of a known text with sometimes startling results. For example, here is a sample of text generated from a Markov model of the script for the 1967 movie Planet of the Apes. "PLANET OF THE APES" Screenplay by Michael Wilson Based on Novel By Pierre Boulle DISSOLVE TO: 138 EXT. GROVE OF FRUIT TREES - ESTABLISHING SHOT - DAY Zira run back to the front of Taylor. The President, I believe the prosecutor's charge of this man. ZIRA Well, whoever owned them was in pretty bad shape. He picks up two of the strain. You got what you wanted, kid. How does it taste? Silence. Taylor and cuffs him. Over this we HEAR from a distance is a crude horse-drawn wagon is silhouetted-against the trunks and branches of great trees and bushes on the horse's rump. Taylor lifts his right arm to ward off the blow, and the room and lands at the feet of Cornelius and Lucius are sorting out equipment falls to his knees, buries his head silently at the Ranch). DISSOLVE TO: 197 INT. CAGES - CLOSE SHOT - FEATURING LANDON - FROM TAYLOR'S VOICE (o.s.) I've got a fine veternary surgeons under my direction? ZIRA Taylor! ZIRA There is a small lake, looking like a politician. TAYLOR Dodge takes a pen and notebook from the half-open door of a guard room. Taylor bursts suddenly confronted by his 1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_monkey_theorem2https://web.archive.org/web/20130120215600/http://www.vivaria.net/experiments/notes/publication/NOTES_ EN.pdf3http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6773024 1 original pursuer (the dismounted cop coming up with a cigar butt and places it in the drawer beside them. TAYLOR What's the best there is a. loud RAP at the doll was found beside the building. Zira waits at the third table. TAYLOR Good question. Is he a man? CORNELIUS (impatiently. DODGE Blessed are the vegetation. These SHOTS are INTERCUT with: 94 WHAT THE ASTRONAUTS They examine the remnants of the cage. ZIRA (plunging on) Their speech organs are adequate. The flaw lies not in anatomy but in the back of his left sleeve. TAYLOR (taking off his shirt. 80 DODGE AND LANDON You don't sound happy in your work. GALEN (defensively) Gorilla hunter stands over a dead man, one fo Besides a few spelling errors and some rather odd things that make you wonder about the author, this passage is surprisingly human-like. This is a simple example of natural language generation, a sub-area of natural language processing—a very active area of research in computer science. The particular approach we’re using in this assignment was famously implemented as the fictitious Mark V. Shaney4 and the Emacs command Disassociated Press5. Approach So, here’s the basic idea: Imagine taking a book (say, Tom Sawyer) and determining the probability with which each character occurs. You would probably find that spaces are the most common, that the character ‘e’ is fairly common, and that the character ‘q’ is rather uncommon. After completing this “level 0” analysis, you would be able to produce random Tom Sawyer text based on character probabilities. It wouldn’t have much in common with the real thing, but at least the characters would tend to occur in the proper propor- tion. In fact, here’s an example of what you might produce: Level 0 rla bsht eS ststofo hhfosdsdewno oe wee h .mr ae irii ela iad o r te u t mnyto onmalysnce, ifu en c fDwn oee iteo Now imagine doing a slightly more sophisticated level 1 analysis by determining the probability with which each character follows every other character. You would probably discover that ‘h’ follows ‘t’ more frequently than ‘x’ does, and you would probably discover that a space follows ‘.’ more frequently than ‘,’ does. You could now produce some randomly generated Tom Sawyer text by picking a character to begin with and then always choosing the next character based on the previous one and the probabilities revealed by the analysis. Here’s an example: Level 1 "Shand tucthiney m?" le ollds mind Theybooure He, he s whit Pereg lenigabo Jodind alllld ashanthe ainofevids tre lin-p asto oun theanthadomoere Now imagine doing a level k analysis by determining the probability with which each character follows every possible sequence of characters of length k (kgrams). A level 5 analysis of Tom Sawyer for example, would reveal that ‘r’ follows “Sawye” more frequently than any other character. After a level k analysis, you would be able to produce random Tom Sawyer by always choosing the next character based on the previous k characters (a kgram) and the probabilities revealed by the analysis. 4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_V._Shaney5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociated_press Page 2 of 5 At only a moderate level of analysis (say, levels 5-7), the randomly generated text begins to take on many of the characteristics of the source text. It probably won’t make complete sense, but you’ll be able to tell that it was derived from Tom Sawyer as opposed to, say, The Sound and the Fury. Here are some more examples of text that is generated from increasing levels of analysis of Tom Sawyer. (These “levels of analysis” are called order K Markov models.) K = 2 "Yess been." for gothin, Tome oso; ing, in to weliss of an’te cle - armit. Papper a comeasione, and smomenty, fropeck hinticer, sid, a was Tom, be suck tied. He sis tred a youck to themen K = 4 en themself, Mr. Welshman, but him awoke, the balmy shore. I’ll give him that he couple overy because in the slated snufflindeed structure’s kind was rath. She said that the wound the door a fever eyes that WITH him. K = 6 people had eaten, leaving. Come - didn’t stand it better judgment; His hands and bury it again, tramped herself! She’d never would be. He found her spite of anything the one was a prime feature sunset, and hit upon that of the forever. K = 8 look-a-here - I told you before, Joe. I’ve heard a pin drop. The stillness was complete, how- ever, this is awful crime, beyond the village was sufficient. He would be a good enough to get that night, Tom and Becky. K = 10 you understanding that they don’t come around in the cave should get the word "beauteous" was over-fondled, and that together" and decided that he might as we used to do - it’s nobby fun. I’ll learn you." To create an order K Markov model of a given source text, you would need to identify all kgrams in the source text and associate with each kgram all the individual characters that follow it. This association or mapping must also capture the frequency with which a given character follows a given kgram. For example, suppose that k = 2 and the sample text is: agggcagcgggcg The Markov model would have to represent all the character strings of length two (2-grams) in the source text, and associate with them the characters that follow them, and in the correct proportion. The following table shows one way of representing this information. kgram Characters that follow ag gc gg gcgc gc agg ca g cg g Once you have created an order K Markov model of a given source text, you can generate new text based on this model as follows. Page 3 of 5 1. Randomly pick k consecutive characters that appear in the sample text and use them as the initial kgram. 2. Append the kgram to the output text being generated. 3. Repeat the following steps until the output text is sufficiently long. (a) Select a character c that appears in the sample text based on the probability of that character following the current kgram. (b) Append this character to the output text. (c) Update the kgram by removing its first character and adding the character just chosen (c) as its last character. If this process encounters a situation in which there are no characters to choose from (which can happen if the only occurrence of the current kgram is at the exact end of the source), simply pick a new kgram at random and continue. As an example, suppose that k = 2 and the sample text is that from above: agggcagcgggcg Here are four different output text strings of length 10 that could have been the result of the process described above, using the first two characters (’ag’) as the initial kgram. agcggcagcg aggcaggcgg agggcaggcg agcggcggca For another example, suppose that k = 2 and the sample text is: the three pirates charted that course the other day Here is how the first three characters of new text might be generated: •A two-character sequence is chosen at random to become the initial kgram. Let’s suppose that “th” is chosen. So, kgram = th and output = th. •The first character must be chosen based on the probability that it follows the kgram (currently “th”) in the source. The source contains five occurrences of “th”. Three times it is followed by ’e’, once it is followed by ’r’, and once it is followed by ’a’. Thus, the next character must be chosen so that there is a 3/5 chance that an ’e’ will be chosen, a 1/5 chance that an ’r’ will be chosen, and a 1/5 chance that an ’a’ will be chosen. Let’s suppose that we choose an ’e’ this time. So, kgram = he and output = the. •The next character must be chosen based on the probability that it follows the kgram (currently “he”) in the source. The source contains three occurrences of “he”. Twice it is followed by a space and once it is followed by ’r’. Thus, the next character must be chosen so that there is a 2/3 chance that a space will be chosen and a 1/3 chance that an ’r’ will be chosen. Let’s suppose that we choose an ’r’ this time. So, kgram = er and output = ther. •The next character must be chosen based on the probability that it follows the kgram (currently “er”) in the source. The source contains only one occurrence of “er”, and it is followed by a space. Thus, the next character must be a space. So, kgram = r_ and output = ther_, where ’_’ represents a blank space. Page 4 of 5 Implementation Details You are provided with two Java files that you must use to develop your solution: MarkovModel.java and TextGenerator.java. The constructors of MarkovModel build the order-k model of the source text. You are required to represent the model with the provided HashMap field. The main method of TextGenerator must process the following three command line arguments (in the args array): •A non-negative integer k •A non-negative integer length. •The name of an input file source that contains more than k characters. Your program must validate the command line arguments by making sure that k and length are non- negative and that source contains at least k characters and can be opened for reading. If any of the command line arguments are invalid, your program must write an informative error message to System.out and terminate. If there are not enough command line arguments, your program must write an informative error message to System.out and terminate. With valid command line arguments, your program must use the methods of the MarkovModel class to create an order k Markov model of the sample text, select the initial kgram, and make each character selection. You must implement the MarkovModel methods according to description of the Markov modeling process in the section above. A few sample texts have been provided, but Project Gutenberg (http://www.gutenberg.org) maintains a large collection of public domain literary works that you can use as source texts for fun and practice. Acknowledgments This assignment is based on the ideas of many people, Jon Bentley and Owen Astrachan in particular.
nomankhalil / GitHub Desktop Overview Release Notes Help Release Notes For Windows View Release Notes For MaGitHub Desktop Overview Release Notes | Help Release Notes for Windows View release notes for Mac 2016/09/22v3.3.3 Chocolate-Covered Yaks UPDATEDGit Shell updated to v2.10.2 2016/09/22v3.3.2 Chocolate-Covered Yaks UPDATEDGit Shell updated to v2.10.1 which updates Curl to 7.50.3 and fixes some issues working with repositories over HTTPS with domains that use self-signed certificates. FIXEDUnable to resize the app to a width of 1024. 2016/09/22v3.3.1 Chocolate-Covered Yaks UPDATEDForce usage of TLS 1.2 when the client supports the protocol. 2016/09/06v3.3.0 Chocolate-Covered Yaks UPDATEDGit Shell updated to v2.10 which includes major performance improvements to interactive rebase among other enhancements. UPDATEDGit LFS updated to v1.3.1. FIXEDDpi scaling on Windows 10 Anniversary Edition caused blurry fonts. 2016/07/26v3.2.0 War on Emus ADDEDNew button to open a repository in Atom or Visual Studio. UPDATEDGit Shell updated to v2.9.0.1. IMPROVEDBetter error message when publishing a repository that already exists on the server. FIXEDCrash due to an unhandled COMException thrown by the default text input spellchecker 2016/05/06v3.1.1 Oh Darth, Where Art Thou? FIXEDCrash when using a Windows theme with drop shadows enabled. 2016/05/04v3.1.0 Oh Darth, Where Art Thou? NEWDark theme now available from Options menu. ADDEDIcons indicating whether a file was added, removed or modified. FIXEDUnable to add repository which exists at drive root. FIXEDCrash due to incorrect handling of input arguments on launch. FIXEDCrash due to COM exception when interacting with Taskbar. FIXEDCrash when scanning filesystem for local repositories. FIXEDCreated SSH keys not added to ssh-agent on first launch. FIXEDCrash due to decoding malformed parameters on restart. UPDATEDPosh-Git now includes new icons in prompt. UPDATEDGit Shell updated to v2.8.1. UPDATEDGit LFS updated to v1.2.0. UPDATEDGit Shell adds Visual Studio 2015 developer tools and other common tools to $PATH. 2016/03/31v3.0.17 Proctional Fungramming FIXEDCrash when updating the Windows taskbar with information but the taskbar is not ready or not found. 2016/03/24v3.0.16 Proctional Fungramming FIXEDExcessive memory allocations in large repositories that caused out of memory errors. FIXEDCommit selection would stop working if one commit failed to load. FIXEDVarious memory and performance improvements. UPDATEDGit Shell updated to v2.7.4. 2016/03/15v3.0.15 Proctional Fungramming IMPROVEDReduced memory consumption when pruning merged branches. IMPROVEDReduced memory consumption by requesting smaller avatars. 2016/03/03v3.0.14 Proctional Fungramming FIXEDPosh-Git update does not work for users running Powershell v2. 2016/03/02v3.0.13 Proctional Fungramming ADDEDIssue suggestions when creating commit messages by pressing the # key. UPDATEDGit Shell updated to v2.7.1. UPDATEDPosh-Git now includes new icons in prompt FIXEDCrash when trying to rapidly load diffs for multiple Git-LFS files. IMPROVEDLocal branches that have been merged into the default branch are automatically pruned. IMPROVEDArrow keys and Page Up/Down can can be used to scroll through diffs. 2016/01/22v3.0.12 Only You Can Shave Yakkind FIXEDUpdated Authenticode certificate to replace obsolete SHA1 certificate. FIXEDRare crash when hovering over commit graph. 2015/12/17v3.0.11 No Type Remains FIXEDUnable to view diffs in LFS-enabled repositories 2015/12/16v3.0.10 One Type Remains IMPROVEDCTRL + ~ opens Git Shell in addition to ~. IMPROVEDCTRL + Enter creates a PR when used within the pull request panel. IMPROVEDUpdated Git LFS to v1.1.0. FIXEDCloning large Git LFS-enabled repositories would fail when exceeding one hour. FIXEDRare crash when saving git attributes in repository settings. FIXEDExtracting Git shell components could fail when using certain anti-virus programs. FIXEDGit LFS accessible when launching using shell.ps1 2015/11/25v3.0.9 Totally Texas FIXEDGit Shell would load incorrect assembly, impacting git-remote-https operations. 2015/11/24v3.0.8 Totally Texas UPDATEDGit command line updated to v2.5. FIXEDDiff generation failed for specific scenarios. FIXEDAvatars disappearing when switching repositories. FIXEDTutorial would get automatically selected on start up until completed or removed. FIXEDRepository list lost focus while using keyboard navigation due to automatic focusing of commit title. FIXEDRare crash when hovering over a commit in the graph. FIXEDGit LFS attributes created in repository settings now match those creating using the CLI. 2015/10/29v3.0.7 Never Gonna Git You Up IMPROVEDAuto focus commit summary when switching to changes tab. FIXEDError rendering diffs for modified renamed files. FIXEDWrong changelog showing for users on the beta program. FIXEDCrash when attempting to show diff for large file storage assets. FIXEDCloning GitHub wikis using the 'Clone in Desktop' button. UPDATEDGit LFS updated to v1.0.2 2015/10/09v3.0.6 Berge Mase ADDEDFrom the Git Shell, you can now open the GitHub Desktop application to a specific repository from the command line by passing the path to the repository to github.exe. FIXEDLogging in on multiple machines could cause other sessions to be revoked. FIXEDComparison graph sometimes showed the wrong current branch. FIXEDFailing to load the correct commits when scrolling in the history tab. FIXEDRare crash when account transitioned between authenticated and unauthenticated. FIXEDTutorial repository showing after opening settings, about or option view. IMPROVEDNew tab header styles. IMPROVEDQuick sign in from clone dialog when not authenticated. IMPROVEDHelpful messaging when failing to push to, or delete, a protected branch. IMPROVEDMore detailed messaging when failing to render a diff. IMPROVEDLong branch names are now truncated in repository view and menus. IMPROVEDDisabled buttons in comparison graph no longer have hover states. 2015/09/08v3.0.5 Realtime Baking ADDEDEasily switch between Changes and History using the tabs. ADDEDDelete the current branch from the gear menu. IMPROVED@mentions list is refreshed more frequently. IMPROVEDReduced memory usage when browsing history. FIXEDA rare crash when accessing a repository's config file. 2015/08/24v3.0.4 The Last Free Monad IMPROVEDscrolling animations inside comparison graph. FIXEDCloning forked repository not displaying correct graph initially. FIXED'Update from {branch}' uses tracked branch if defined. FIXEDA potential crash when appending commits in history view. FIXEDPull Request tooltip showing incorrect message. FIXEDA potential crash when extracting tutorial repository. 2015/08/14v3.0.3 The Last Free Monad IMPROVEDScrolling commits is now way faster! FIXEDNew commits weren't reflected in the history. FIXEDUndoing commits weren't reflected in the history. FIXEDRemote commits were inserted at the end of the history when syncing. 2015/08/12v3.0.2 The Last Free Monad FIXEDA crash when fetching commits in rare cases. FIXEDA crash when opening the base branch popover. FIXEDA crash when failing to load files in commits. FIXEDA crash when restarting the tutorial. FIXEDChanged files appearing under the commit form. 2015/08/12v3.0.1 The Last Free Monad FIXEDA potential crash while generating the comparison graph. 2015/07/06v3.0.0 The Last Free Monad NEW'Use the comparison graph to compare two branches and keep them in sync.' 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tokend / Client ScaffoldTokenD client, compatible with deveolper-edition (https://github.com/tokend/developer-edition). Warning: the current version will be dropped when our new version of web-client (https://github.com/tokend/web-client) finished.
pingrishabh / Thirdweb Edition Drop EmbedCustomisable Thirdweb Edition Drop Embed
