14 skills found
dkgaraujo / OpenSourcedMacroModelsA best-efforts collection of open-sourced macroeconomic models run by central banks and other official sector agencies (ie, ministries of economy)
xploitspeeds / Bookmarklet Hacks For School* READ THE README FOR INFO!! * Incoming Tags- z score statistics,find mean median mode statistics in ms excel,variance,standard deviation,linear regression,data processing,confidence intervals,average value,probability theory,binomial distribution,matrix,random numbers,error propagation,t statistics analysis,hypothesis testing,theorem,chi square,time series,data collection,sampling,p value,scatterplots,statistics lectures,statistics tutorials,business mathematics statistics,share stock market statistics in calculator,business analytics,GTA,continuous frequency distribution,statistics mathematics in real life,modal class,n is even,n is odd,median mean of series of numbers,math help,Sujoy Krishna Das,n+1/2 element,measurement of variation,measurement of central tendency,range of numbers,interquartile range,casio fx991,casio fx82,casio fx570,casio fx115es,casio 9860,casio 9750,casio 83gt,TI BAII+ financial,casio piano,casio calculator tricks and hacks,how to cheat in exam and not get caught,grouped interval data,equation of triangle rectangle curve parabola hyperbola,graph theory,operation research(OR),numerical methods,decision making,pie chart,bar graph,computer data analysis,histogram,statistics formula,matlab tutorial,find arithmetic mean geometric mean,find population standard deviation,find sample standard deviation,how to use a graphic calculator,pre algebra,pre calculus,absolute deviation,TI Nspire,TI 84 TI83 calculator tutorial,texas instruments calculator,grouped data,set theory,IIT JEE,AIEEE,GCSE,CAT,MAT,SAT,GMAT,MBBS,JELET,JEXPO,VOCLET,Indiastudychannel,IAS,IPS,IFS,GATE,B-Tech,M-Tech,AMIE,MBA,BBA,BCA,MCA,XAT,TOEFL,CBSE,ICSE,HS,WBUT,SSC,IUPAC,Narendra Modi,Sachin Tendulkar Farewell Speech,Dhoom 3,Arvind Kejriwal,maths revision,how to score good marks in exams,how to pass math exams easily,JEE 12th physics chemistry maths PCM,JEE maths shortcut techniques,quadratic equations,competition exams tips and ticks,competition maths,govt job,JEE KOTA,college math,mean value theorem,L hospital rule,tech guru awaaz,derivation,cryptography,iphone 5 fingerprint hack,crash course,CCNA,converting fractions,solve word problem,cipher,game theory,GDP,how to earn money online on youtube,demand curve,computer science,prime factorization,LCM & GCF,gauss elimination,vector,complex numbers,number systems,vector algebra,logarithm,trigonometry,organic chemistry,electrical math problem,eigen value eigen vectors,runge kutta,gauss jordan,simpson 1/3 3/8 trapezoidal rule,solved problem example,newton raphson,interpolation,integration,differentiation,regula falsi,programming,algorithm,gauss seidal,gauss jacobi,taylor series,iteration,binary arithmetic,logic gates,matrix inverse,determinant of matrix,matrix calculator program,sex in ranchi,sex in kolkata,vogel approximation VAM optimization problem,North west NWCR,Matrix minima,Modi method,assignment problem,transportation problem,simplex,k map,boolean algebra,android,casio FC 200v 100v financial,management mathematics tutorials,net present value NPV,time value of money TVM,internal rate of return IRR Bond price,present value PV and future value FV of annuity casio,simple interest SI & compound interest CI casio,break even point,amortization calculation,HP 10b financial calculator,banking and money,income tax e filing,economics,finance,profit & loss,yield of investment bond,Sharp EL 735S,cash flow casio,re finance,insurance and financial planning,investment appraisal,shortcut keys,depreciation,discounting
wilsonfreitas / RbcbR interface to Brazilian Central Bank web services
memetic-institute / The FedA simple game about central banking
Cryptoaj-hack / DFDTOKENDecentralized Finance (DeFi) Development Services & Solutions Eliminate the role of a middleman by availing decentralized finance (DEFI) development services & solutions. Get access to the major financial services through a blockchain network and experience the benefits of automation, a higher level of security, anonymity, interoperability, and transparency. Our wide range of services include Market-Making Consulting We take immense efforts in establishing financial markets that understand the customers’ proprietary algorithms. We aim at improving the access of liquidity to investors and democratize the whole system. We render customized features according to the customer’s expected return on investment. Decentralized Crypto Banking We ensure a frictionless user experience by facilitating the direct transfer of value between the involved parties supported by decentralization. Our ready-to-launch white-label mobile payment apps render a variety of services such as wallet integration, value holding, and detailed transactional analysis. Defi Lottery System Development We provide a no-loss lottery system that benefits our participants completely. We take steps to eliminate the custodianship of the pooled capital. We permit investing your capital in other related dapps and distribute the rewards in form of a major share of the interest earned to a winner randomly selected by the smart contracts. We assure the regular flow of returns. Derivatives Over Defi Platform We ensure seamless access to derivatives and maximize your earning potential by many notches. by establishing robust dapps, we enable traders to hedge their portfolio of investments and minimize risks by directly engaging with their peers through a democratic platform. We are experts in derivatives market-making and Dapp platform development. Decentralized Fund Management All your crypto assets will be managed to yield high performance in a decentralized exchange through smart control and management. with in-depth experience in investment exchanges along with our strong knowledge of defi, we render our services at low fees and avoid potential risks. Defi Insurance System Development We ensure that there are no risks present in our smart contract. With our robust provision of insurance services, we assure you that there will be no chance of uncontrollable liquidity requests. We contain futuristic risks, uncertainties, and emergencies through lucrative insurance deals. Defi Yield Farming Platform Development Yield farming refers to the technique through which one can earn more cryptocurrencies by using his existing holding of cryptos. Liquidity providers play a vital role in the success of yield farming. They stake their assets in liquidity pools and facilitate trading in cryptos by creating a market. Defi Staking Platform Development Defi staking involves a mechanism where crypto assets will be staked on a supported wallet or exchange and passive income will be earned. The rewards can be calculated based on the quantity of staked assets, the staking duration, inflation rate, and the network issuance rate. Defi Lending Platform Development Defi lending platforms have been made popular by the likes of aave and compound. The basic features of a defi lending platform include flash loan facilities, a fiat payment gateway, and an exclusive margin trading facility, the advantages of defi lending include high immutability, better transparency, quick access, and resistance to transaction censorship. Defi Smart Contract Development One of the pivotal reasons behind the tremendous growth of defi services is due to the heavy investments made in robust defi smart contract development. They are created with the solidity programming language, highly encrypted, and automates the tasks to be executed based on certain pre-set terms and conditions. Defi Dapp Development Defi Dapp development plays a critical role to avoid the risk of a central point of failure. They are highly secure when compared to centralized applications due to the absence of a central authority. Defi Tokens Development Defi tokens development has played a critical role in boosting the growth of decentralized applications. Their value is currently higher than bitcoin. it has a huge trading volume and has garnered a lot of attention from the mainstream crowd in recent times. Defi Dex Development Like Uniswap Uniswap is one of the leading defi projects being undertaken. It is an innovative venture as it utilizes incentivized liquidity pools instead of regular order books. every user of uni swap will is rewarded with a percentage of fees incurred on every ethereum transaction for rendering liquidity to the system. Defi Wallet Development Traders will have complete control over their funds through defi wallet development without the interference of any authorities in the system. Supreme security is guaranteed for users without any compromise. By supplying customized private keys to every user, there will not be any chances for any loss of data. DeFi Marketing Services To assist DeFi projects gain user engagement, marketing services are indispensable.From drafting white paper, video and content marketing, to legal advisory, marketing and community management, our DeFi marketing and consulting services are well-versed to get the job done. DeFi Synthetic Asset Development Synthetic assets derive their value from underlying assets and derivatives which are essentially smart contracts. In DeFi, Synthetic assets have gained acclaim as they involve low risks and little chance of price fluctuations. Users can easily invest, trade, and own assets with no hassles. DeFi Solutions For Ecommerce Streamline your Ecommerce business with DeFi and its pragmatic tools. With DeFi’s solutions , benefits like omission of intermediaries, faster shipping, supply chain management, and real time tracking can be integrated with your Ecommerce business, increasing profits. DeFi Tokenization Development Tokenization Development is one of the pragmatic solutions DeFi offers. Users can now convert inoperative and underutilized assets into great profits by simply tokenizing their assets. With our DeFi tokenization, avail of ERC20, ERC721 & NFT tokens for your assets. DeFi Crowdfunding Platform Development Although a relatively new sector, DeFi crowdfunding has become the go-to mode of aggregating funds to support businesses and start-ups. Our DeFi Crowdfunding platform services come with additional benefits in the likes of tax benefits, instant approval, fundraising calendars and more. DeFi Real Estate Platform Development DeFi has revolutionized the ways of real estate management. Now real estate owners and investors, with the help of blockchain based tokens, can make property investment seamless and manageable. With fractional ownership, financial inclusivity is now possible. DeFi ICO Development One of the leading fundraising methods, DeFi ICO services are distinguished. Creating utile tokens, community management, escalating coin value, and launching projects with diligence & guidance from market analysts and blockchain experts is inclusive of our ICO Development. DeFi Exchange Development Offering users a plethora of apparent benefits, DEXs are the prized innovation of DeFi. Offering high-end security, durable liquidity, complete anonymity and financial inclusivity, DEXs make trading and transacting crypto accessible and lucrative for crypto enthusiasts. DeFi Protocol Like Yearn. Finance Yearn. Finance offers the best APY the market has to offer by referring to popular exchanges. This protocol offers its users the best yields in a highly secure network. With in-built smart contracts and an open source code, it supports a range of Stablecoins offering huge returns. DeFi Protocol Like AAve The DeFi protocol Aave offers crypto traders a robust platform for lending and borrowing of crypto for which they earn high interests. The highlight feature of Aave - Flash loans and flexible interest rates make it a profitable platform for crypto traders. DeFi Exchange Like 1inch 1inch exchange now has the reputation of being the DEX offering users the lowest slippage. As an aggregator, 1inch connects several exchanges to one platform in a non-custodial ecosystem. With governance and farming features, trading on 1inch remains prominent.
HimanshuSingour / Bank Of Bharat BOBI have developed a banking application with essential backend services at its core. It serves as the central hub of my GitHub repositories, enabling any application to connect for seamless payment processing.
uvhw / Bitcoin FoundationBitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System Satoshi Nakamoto satoshin@gmx.com www.bitcoin.org Abstract. A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone. 1. Introduction Commerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments. While the system works well enough for most transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model. Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes. The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for non- reversible services. With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads. Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need. A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable. These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party. What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party. Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers. In this paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions. The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes. 1 2. Transactions We define an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures. Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing a hash of the previous transaction and the public key of the next owner and adding these to the end of the coin. A payee can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership. Transaction Hash Transaction Hash Transaction Hash Owner 1's Public Key Owner 2's Public Key Owner 3's Public Key Owner 0's Signature Owner 1's Signature The problem of course is the payee can't verify that one of the owners did not double-spend the coin. A common solution is to introduce a trusted central authority, or mint, that checks every transaction for double spending. After each transaction, the coin must be returned to the mint to issue a new coin, and only coins issued directly from the mint are trusted not to be double-spent. The problem with this solution is that the fate of the entire money system depends on the company running the mint, with every transaction having to go through them, just like a bank. We need a way for the payee to know that the previous owners did not sign any earlier transactions. For our purposes, the earliest transaction is the one that counts, so we don't care about later attempts to double-spend. The only way to confirm the absence of a transaction is to be aware of all transactions. In the mint based model, the mint was aware of all transactions and decided which arrived first. To accomplish this without a trusted party, transactions must be publicly announced [1], and we need a system for participants to agree on a single history of the order in which they were received. The payee needs proof that at the time of each transaction, the majority of nodes agreed it was the first received. 3. Timestamp Server The solution we propose begins with a timestamp server. A timestamp server works by taking a hash of a block of items to be timestamped and widely publishing the hash, such as in a newspaper or Usenet post [2-5]. The timestamp proves that the data must have existed at the time, obviously, in order to get into the hash. Each timestamp includes the previous timestamp in its hash, forming a chain, with each additional timestamp reinforcing the ones before it. Hash Hash Owner 2's Signature Owner 1's Private Key Owner 2's Private Key Owner 3's Private Key Block Item Item ... 2 Block Item Item ... Verify Verify Sign Sign 4. Proof-of-Work To implement a distributed timestamp server on a peer-to-peer basis, we will need to use a proof- of-work system similar to Adam Back's Hashcash [6], rather than newspaper or Usenet posts. The proof-of-work involves scanning for a value that when hashed, such as with SHA-256, the hash begins with a number of zero bits. The average work required is exponential in the number of zero bits required and can be verified by executing a single hash. For our timestamp network, we implement the proof-of-work by incrementing a nonce in the block until a value is found that gives the block's hash the required zero bits. Once the CPU effort has been expended to make it satisfy the proof-of-work, the block cannot be changed without redoing the work. As later blocks are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing all the blocks after it. The proof-of-work also solves the problem of determining representation in majority decision making. If the majority were based on one-IP-address-one-vote, it could be subverted by anyone able to allocate many IPs. Proof-of-work is essentially one-CPU-one-vote. The majority decision is represented by the longest chain, which has the greatest proof-of-work effort invested in it. If a majority of CPU power is controlled by honest nodes, the honest chain will grow the fastest and outpace any competing chains. To modify a past block, an attacker would have to redo the proof-of-work of the block and all blocks after it and then catch up with and surpass the work of the honest nodes. We will show later that the probability of a slower attacker catching up diminishes exponentially as subsequent blocks are added. To compensate for increasing hardware speed and varying interest in running nodes over time, the proof-of-work difficulty is determined by a moving average targeting an average number of blocks per hour. If they're generated too fast, the difficulty increases. 5. Network The steps to run the network are as follows: 1) New transactions are broadcast to all nodes. 2) Each node collects new transactions into a block. 3) Each node works on finding a difficult proof-of-work for its block. 4) When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block to all nodes. 5) Nodes accept the block only if all transactions in it are valid and not already spent. 6) Nodes express their acceptance of the block by working on creating the next block in the chain, using the hash of the accepted block as the previous hash. Nodes always consider the longest chain to be the correct one and will keep working on extending it. If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one or the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they received, but save the other branch in case it becomes longer. The tie will be broken when the next proof- of-work is found and one branch becomes longer; the nodes that were working on the other branch will then switch to the longer one. 3 Block Nonce Tx Tx ... Block Nonce Tx Tx ... Prev Hash Prev Hash New transaction broadcasts do not necessarily need to reach all nodes. As long as they reach many nodes, they will get into a block before long. Block broadcasts are also tolerant of dropped messages. If a node does not receive a block, it will request it when it receives the next block and realizes it missed one. 6. Incentive By convention, the first transaction in a block is a special transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block. This adds an incentive for nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since there is no central authority to issue them. The steady addition of a constant of amount of new coins is analogous to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation. In our case, it is CPU time and electricity that is expended. The incentive can also be funded with transaction fees. If the output value of a transaction is less than its input value, the difference is a transaction fee that is added to the incentive value of the block containing the transaction. Once a predetermined number of coins have entered circulation, the incentive can transition entirely to transaction fees and be completely inflation free. The incentive may help encourage nodes to stay honest. If a greedy attacker is able to assemble more CPU power than all the honest nodes, he would have to choose between using it to defraud people by stealing back his payments, or using it to generate new coins. He ought to find it more profitable to play by the rules, such rules that favour him with more new coins than everyone else combined, than to undermine the system and the validity of his own wealth. 7. Reclaiming Disk Space Once the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks, the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space. To facilitate this without breaking the block's hash, transactions are hashed in a Merkle Tree [7][2][5], with only the root included in the block's hash. Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off branches of the tree. The interior hashes do not need to be stored. Block Hash0 Hash1 Hash2 Hash3 Tx0 Tx1 Tx2 Tx3 Block Header (Block Hash) Prev Hash Nonce Root Hash Hash01 Hash23 Block Block Header (Block Hash) Prev Hash Nonce Root Hash Hash01 Hash23 Hash2 Hash3 Tx3 Transactions Hashed in a Merkle Tree After Pruning Tx0-2 from the Block A block header with no transactions would be about 80 bytes. If we suppose blocks are generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB per year. With computer systems typically selling with 2GB of RAM as of 2008, and Moore's Law predicting current growth of 1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept in memory. 4 8. Simplified Payment Verification It is possible to verify payments without running a full network node. A user only needs to keep a copy of the block headers of the longest proof-of-work chain, which he can get by querying network nodes until he's convinced he has the longest chain, and obtain the Merkle branch linking the transaction to the block it's timestamped in. He can't check the transaction for himself, but by linking it to a place in the chain, he can see that a network node has accepted it, and blocks added after it further confirm the network has accepted it. Longest Proof-of-Work Chain Block Header Block Header Block Header Prev Hash Nonce Prev Hash Nonce Prev Hash Nonce Merkle Root Merkle Root Merkle Root Hash01 Hash23 Merkle Branch for Tx3 Hash2 Hash3 Tx3 As such, the verification is reliable as long as honest nodes control the network, but is more vulnerable if the network is overpowered by an attacker. While network nodes can verify transactions for themselves, the simplified method can be fooled by an attacker's fabricated transactions for as long as the attacker can continue to overpower the network. One strategy to protect against this would be to accept alerts from network nodes when they detect an invalid block, prompting the user's software to download the full block and alerted transactions to confirm the inconsistency. Businesses that receive frequent payments will probably still want to run their own nodes for more independent security and quicker verification. 9. Combining and Splitting Value Although it would be possible to handle coins individually, it would be unwieldy to make a separate transaction for every cent in a transfer. To allow value to be split and combined, transactions contain multiple inputs and outputs. Normally there will be either a single input from a larger previous transaction or multiple inputs combining smaller amounts, and at most two outputs: one for the payment, and one returning the change, if any, back to the sender. It should be noted that fan-out, where a transaction depends on several transactions, and those transactions depend on many more, is not a problem here. There is never the need to extract a complete standalone copy of a transaction's history. 5 Transaction In Out In ... ... 10. Privacy The traditional banking model achieves a level of privacy by limiting access to information to the parties involved and the trusted third party. The necessity to announce all transactions publicly precludes this method, but privacy can still be maintained by breaking the flow of information in another place: by keeping public keys anonymous. The public can see that someone is sending an amount to someone else, but without information linking the transaction to anyone. This is similar to the level of information released by stock exchanges, where the time and size of individual trades, the "tape", is made public, but without telling who the parties were. Traditional Privacy Model Identities Transactions New Privacy Model Identities Transactions As an additional firewall, a new key pair should be used for each transaction to keep them from being linked to a common owner. Some linking is still unavoidable with multi-input transactions, which necessarily reveal that their inputs were owned by the same owner. The risk is that if the owner of a key is revealed, linking could reveal other transactions that belonged to the same owner. 11. Calculations We consider the scenario of an attacker trying to generate an alternate chain faster than the honest chain. Even if this is accomplished, it does not throw the system open to arbitrary changes, such as creating value out of thin air or taking money that never belonged to the attacker. Nodes are not going to accept an invalid transaction as payment, and honest nodes will never accept a block containing them. An attacker can only try to change one of his own transactions to take back money he recently spent. The race between the honest chain and an attacker chain can be characterized as a Binomial Random Walk. The success event is the honest chain being extended by one block, increasing its lead by +1, and the failure event is the attacker's chain being extended by one block, reducing the gap by -1. The probability of an attacker catching up from a given deficit is analogous to a Gambler's Ruin problem. Suppose a gambler with unlimited credit starts at a deficit and plays potentially an infinite number of trials to try to reach breakeven. We can calculate the probability he ever reaches breakeven, or that an attacker ever catches up with the honest chain, as follows [8]: p = probability an honest node finds the next block q = probability the attacker finds the next block qz = probability the attacker will ever catch up from z blocks behind Trusted Third Party q ={ 1 if p≤q} z q/pz if pq 6 Counterparty Public Public Given our assumption that p > q, the probability drops exponentially as the number of blocks the attacker has to catch up with increases. With the odds against him, if he doesn't make a lucky lunge forward early on, his chances become vanishingly small as he falls further behind. We now consider how long the recipient of a new transaction needs to wait before being sufficiently certain the sender can't change the transaction. We assume the sender is an attacker who wants to make the recipient believe he paid him for a while, then switch it to pay back to himself after some time has passed. The receiver will be alerted when that happens, but the sender hopes it will be too late. The receiver generates a new key pair and gives the public key to the sender shortly before signing. This prevents the sender from preparing a chain of blocks ahead of time by working on it continuously until he is lucky enough to get far enough ahead, then executing the transaction at that moment. Once the transaction is sent, the dishonest sender starts working in secret on a parallel chain containing an alternate version of his transaction. The recipient waits until the transaction has been added to a block and z blocks have been linked after it. He doesn't know the exact amount of progress the attacker has made, but assuming the honest blocks took the average expected time per block, the attacker's potential progress will be a Poisson distribution with expected value: = z qp To get the probability the attacker could still catch up now, we multiply the Poisson density for each amount of progress he could have made by the probability he could catch up from that point: ∞ ke−{q/pz−k ifk≤z} ∑k=0 k!⋅ 1 ifkz Rearranging to avoid summing the infinite tail of the distribution... z ke− z−k 1−∑k=0 k! 1−q/p Converting to C code... #include <math.h> double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z) { double p = 1.0 - q; double lambda = z * (q / p); double sum = 1.0; int i, k; for (k = 0; k <= z; k++) { double poisson = exp(-lambda); for (i = 1; i <= k; i++) poisson *= lambda / i; sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k)); } return sum; } 7 Running some results, we can see the probability drop off exponentially with z. q=0.1 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=1 P=0.2045873 z=2 P=0.0509779 z=3 P=0.0131722 z=4 P=0.0034552 z=5 P=0.0009137 z=6 P=0.0002428 z=7 P=0.0000647 z=8 P=0.0000173 z=9 P=0.0000046 z=10 P=0.0000012 q=0.3 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=5 P=0.1773523 z=10 P=0.0416605 z=15 P=0.0101008 z=20 P=0.0024804 z=25 P=0.0006132 z=30 P=0.0001522 z=35 P=0.0000379 z=40 P=0.0000095 z=45 P=0.0000024 z=50 P=0.0000006 Solving for P less than 0.1%... P < 0.001 q=0.10 z=5 q=0.15 z=8 q=0.20 z=11 q=0.25 z=15 q=0.30 z=24 q=0.35 z=41 q=0.40 z=89 q=0.45 z=340 12. Conclusion We have proposed a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust. We started with the usual framework of coins made from digital signatures, which provides strong control of ownership, but is incomplete without a way to prevent double-spending. To solve this, we proposed a peer-to-peer network using proof-of-work to record a public history of transactions that quickly becomes computationally impractical for an attacker to change if honest nodes control a majority of CPU power. The network is robust in its unstructured simplicity. Nodes work all at once with little coordination. They do not need to be identified, since messages are not routed to any particular place and only need to be delivered on a best effort basis. Nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone. They vote with their CPU power, expressing their acceptance of valid blocks by working on extending them and rejecting invalid blocks by refusing to work on them. Any needed rules and incentives can be enforced with this consensus mechanism. 8 References [1] W. Dai, "b-money," http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt, 1998. [2] H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater, "Design of a secure timestamping service with minimal trust requirements," In 20th Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux, May 1999. [3] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "How to time-stamp a digital document," In Journal of Cryptology, vol 3, no 2, pages 99-111, 1991. [4] D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Improving the efficiency and reliability of digital time-stamping," In Sequences II: Methods in Communication, Security and Computer Science, pages 329-334, 1993. [5] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Secure names for bit-strings," In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 28-35, April 1997. [6] A. Back, "Hashcash - a denial of service counter-measure," http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf, 2002. [7] R.C. Merkle, "Protocols for public key cryptosystems," In Proc. 1980 Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages 122-133, April 1980. [8] W. Feller, "An introduction to probability theory and its applications," 1957. 9
dkgaraujo / BrazilianbanksRetrieving data on Brazilian banks and other regulated financial institutions with R
AyushmanTyagi / Decentralized Finance It S Use CasesDecentralized Finance & It's use cases- DeFi (Decentralized Finance) Another open-world approach to the current financial system. Products that allow you to borrow, save, invest, trade, and more. Based on open source technology anyone can plan with. DeFi is an open and global financial system that has been built for years - another way of being a sharp, tightly managed, and cohesive system of decades-old infrastructure and processes. It gives you more control and visibility than your money. It gives you exposure to global markets and other options for your local currency or banking options. DeFi products open financial services to anyone with an internet connection and are highly managed and maintained by their users. To date, tens of billions of dollars worth of crypto have gone through DeFi applications and is growing every day. What is DeFi? DeFi is an integrated name for financial products and services accessible to anyone who can use Ethereum - anyone with an Internet connection. With DeFi, markets remain open and no central authorities can block payments or deny you access to anything. Services that used to be slow and vulnerable to human error are now automated and secure as they are governed by a code that anyone can check and evaluate. There is a thriving crypto-economy out there, where you can borrow, borrow, length / short, earn interest, and more. Crypto-savvy Argentinians have used DeFi to escape inflation. Companies have begun distributing their pay to their employees in real-time. Some people even withdraw and repay loans worth millions of dollars without the need for personal information. DeFi vs Traditional Finance One of the best ways to see the power of DeFi is to understand the problems that exist today. Some people are not given access to setting up a bank account or using financial services. Lack of access to financial services can prevent people from being employed. Financial services can prevent you from paying. Hidden payment for financial services is your data. Governments and private institutions can close markets at will. Trading hours are usually limited to one-hour business hours. Transfers may take days due to personal processes. There is a premium for financial services because mediation institutions require their cutting. DeFi Use Cases DeFi has revolutionized the financial world over the past few years. This new approach to financial planning can transcend asset systems through efficiency and security. It is true that there are certain dangers in DeFi but those are within the concrete limits. Let's take a look at the most effective DeFi usage cases - Asset Management One of DeFi's biggest effects is that users can now enjoy more control over their assets. Many DeFi projects provide solutions that allow users to manage their assets, including - buying, selling, and transferring digital assets. Therefore, users can also earn interest on their digital assets. Contrary to the traditional financial system, DeFi allows users to maintain the privacy of their sensitive information. Think of the secret keys or passwords of your financial accounts - you should have shared that information with the appropriate organizations beforehand. Now, different DeFi projects, such as Metamask, Argent, or Gnosis Safe help users encrypt and store those pieces of information on their devices. This ensures that only users have access to their accounts and can manage their assets. Therefore, asset management is one of the most widely used financial services cases for users. Compliance with AML and CFT Rates through the KYT Mechanism Traditional financial systems focus heavily on Know-Your-Customer (KYC) agreements. KYC Guidelines are its major law enforcement tool for using Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Countering-the-Financing-of-Terrorism (CFT) standards. However, KYC guidelines often conflict with DeFi's privacy efforts. DeFi responds to this problem with a new concept called the Know-Your-Transaction (KYT) mechanism. This approach suggests that low-level infrastructure will focus on ethical behavior for digital addresses rather than user considerations. Therefore, KYT solves two issues simultaneously - monitoring real-time operations and ensuring user privacy. This makes KYT one of the biggest gaps in low-cost cases. Non-Governmental Organizations or DAOs The DAOs are partners of the central financial institutions of DeFi - making it one of the pillars of low-income finance cases. In the traditional system, central financial institutions play a major role. These organizations operate as administrative institutions that regulate basic financial operations, such as monetization, asset management, administrative utilization, etc. The Ethereum blockchain echerestem has introduced empowered organizations to achieve the same goals. However, DAOs are naturally empowered and do not conform to the limits set by central governments or authorities. Analysis and Risk Tools Transparency and redistribution of world power have opened the way for the discovery and analysis of unprecedented user data. With access to this information, users can make informed business decisions, discover new financial opportunities, and implement better risk management strategies. A new type of data analytics with useful blockchain tools and dashboards has emerged in this industry trend. DeFi projects such as DeFi Pulse or CoDeFi Data bring an impressive amount of analytics and risk management tool. Now, businesses are moving faster as they enjoy unpredictable competitive advantages. This is certainly one of the most widely used financial cases. Receivables and Manufacturing Goods Smart contracts allow for the receipt of token receipts and have become one of the most distinctive scenarios for DeFi use. Making a token further means setting a contract value based on the underlying financial asset or set of assets. This underlying financial asset acts as a security measure, which means it can include - bonds, fiat currencies, commodities, market indicators, interest rates, or stock prices. Now, the issuance of outgoing tokens is a secondary security and their value varies with the number of key securities (bonds or fiat money). Thus, the output actually creates artificial goods. Synthetix and dYdX are some of the leading DeFi projects focused on token acquisitions. Network Infrastructure Effect In a DeFi ecosystem, objects within the system can connect and interact. This design feature is known as integration and serves as a protocol for infrastructure development. As a result, DeFi projects are continuously integrated with the network result. Infrastructure tools for use of DeFi applications are remarkable. Various DeFi projects, such as TruffleSuite or InfuraAPI, are good examples in this case. Enhanced Digital ID Blockchain-based identity system systems are already gaining a lot of attention in recent times. Pairing DeFi programs with these patent systems can help people access the global economic system. The traditional method rewards personal income or assets collected as credit providers. With digital identity paired with DeFi, you may be looking for other practical attributes, such as - financial services or professional ability. This new type of digital ID can help the poor to access DeFi apps from any internet connection. It can certainly be one of the cases of possible use. Insurance Insurance is one of the largest financial institutions and has already been proven to be one of the biggest charges for using DeFi. The current insurance system is crowded with paperwork, old audit plans, and bureaucratic insurance claim processes. With the successful implementation of smart contracts, all these problems with the current system can be solved. Many DeFi projects (Nexus Mutual, Opyn, and VouchForMe) provide blockchain access to insurance against DeFi or contract risk. P2P borrowing and borrowing As DeFi bids farewell to traditional banking systems, a space for the lending and lending market has emerged. Therefore, borrowing and lending is one of the most important aspects of using DeFi. However, the DeFi ecosystem is well suited for peer-to-peer (P2P) borrowing and lending efforts. Many DeFi projects have already entered the market focusing on this particular application case. Among these programs, Compound and PoolTogether are two well-known names. These projects have independent policies for lending and lending. Payment Solutions One of DeFi's top drivers was serving non-bankers or understated banks from the get-go. DeFi's natural features make it ideal for solving the problems of current global payment systems. DeFi provides fast, secure, and transparent solutions compared to asset systems. As DeFi lowers the demand for intermediaries, making payments easier and more transparent, DeFi-based blockchain-based payment solutions can appeal to non-bankers.
myacep / BigtraderappSaxo Bank Review Info Update 2022 otoxs July 03, 2022 Saxo bank is considered one of the most relied on names inside the world of foreign exchange buying and selling. The dealer provides a huge collection of belongings for margin-based totally trading, low spreads, and lightning speedy execution of trades. The broker holds a couple of policies global. In this article, I review some functions that Saxo Bank has and why buyers and nontraders could make money with the broker’s provision.Overview Saxo Bank A/S is privately owned; Geely Financials Denmark A/S, a subsidiary of Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd, owns fifty two percentage of the stocks of its shares. The founder and CEO of Saxo Bank, Kim Fournals, owns 25.71% of the Bank shares. Shampoo Plc, a main Nordic economic offerings enterprise, additionally owns 19.9% of the financial institution shares. Minority shareholders, such as numerous modern and former personnel of the Bank, preserve the ultimate stocks. The Bank turned into the primary broking in Denmark to gain approval from the European Investment Directive in 1992. Saxo Group presently operates international, taking part carefully with supervisory government in each jurisdiction it exists in. The broking is regulated through the Australian Securities and Investments in Australia, the Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong, the Japanese Financial Services Agency in Japan, Financial Conduct Authority inside the UK, Bank of Netherlands within the Netherland. It is also regulated in Italy, Czech, Singapore, Switzerland, U.A.E., Denmark, and many others. Aside from having a extensive agency jurisdiction, it additionally has a completely extensive variety of markets reachable to traders. The markets furnished encompass foreign exchange, stocks, ETFs, Bonds, Mutual Funds, Futures, Listed Options, and more. It also gives controlled portfolios wherein professionals navigate and manipulate your investments without your input. The controlled portfolio additionally gives you the liberty to withdraw at any time. The Bank has provisions for retail traders and institutional buyers.ProsConsStrongly regulated Wide variety of markets Useful studies toolsHigh minimum deposit Only to be had for six days a week High bond, alternatives and destiny costs Who is Saxo Bank for? The broking offers a extensive variety of offerings, and it has one of a kind aspects, which makes it beneficial for one of a kind forms of humans. The SaxoSelect program affords a controlled portfolio that's beneficial for individuals who do not have any form of history in trading. Through the program, specialists carry out buying and selling and manipulate portfolio for your behalf. The SaxoSelect is not just beneficial for amateur investors; other buyers who do no longer have time to exchange or desire to construct a separate portfolio other than their regular trades also can make earnings through the program. Beginners and advanced buyers also can make money through trading the lots of gadgets which are to be had at an cheap rate. The broker additionally provides a wholesome ground for institutional buyers and people who're inquisitive about partnering with the corporation. Rating: four.five/5Is Saxo Bank Safe? Saxo Bank A/S is integrated in Denmark as a certified bank and is regulated along side Saxo Bank A/S Italy, Saxo Bank AS the Czech Republic, Saxo Bank Netherlands via the Danish Financial Supervisory Authority (F.S.A.). As a member of the European Union, the E.U. Banking and Investment Directives were incorporated through Denmark into the Danish Law. Saxo financial institution A/C and its branches are also regulated in one of a kind jurisdictions. It is regulated and licensed in the U.K. by using the Financial Conduct Authority; BG SAXO Societal did. Intermediazione Mobiliaire S.p.A. is certified by way of the Italian Market Authority. It is licensed in the Czech Republic with the aid of Czech National Bank. Saxo Bank A/S Netherlands is registered by means of the Bank of Netherlands. Saxo Bank Pte. Ltd. Singapore is supervised through the Monetary Authority of Singapore. It is a capital markets offerings license holder and an exempt financial marketing consultant. Other rules and licenses include the Central Bank of U.A.E. as a consultant workplace, Japanese Financial Services Agency, Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong, Australia Securities and Investments Commission in Australia.[2] So a long way, what I will say is that the bank is duly certified and controlled by way of the top and trusted agencies and businesses. For more statistics approximately the licenses and guidelines, please click right here. Rating: 4.5/5Year founded:1992Publicly traded: NoLicenses: ASIC, FCA, FMS (Swiss), SFC, JFSA (Japanese), MAS (Singapore), and moreBacklist: NoOffering of InvestmentsStock Saxo financial institution provides get admission to to more than 19,000 stocks across several core and rising markets on extra than forty exchanges worldwide. I find this thoughts-blowing because it is not commonplace to look the range of shares furnished with the aid of the broker on many other brokerage systems. These exchanges encompass NASDAQ, NYS, Singapore Exchange, Hong Kong Exchange, Australian Securities Exchange, Tokyo Stock Exchange.ETFs It also has more than 3000 ETFs from extra than 30 exchanges across the worldBonds Mutual Funds there are extra than 250 top-rated mutual finances to be had on the platform. The mutual price range are from the sector’s largest investors.Futures They are also to be had of their thousand Listed Products Traders and traders have get admission to to extra than 1,two hundred listed options from 23 exchanges global. These listed alternatives are throughout equities, hobby rates, energy, metals, indices, and extra. Others Asides from all that have been listed above, you could additionally alternate cryptocurrency CFD and ETPs. The ETPs help to take a long-time period function without leverage. Forex trading and lots of extra. The dealer provides eighty two FX spot pairs and 140 forwards throughout fundamental, minor and distinguished pairs. Metals are also available. Rating: 4.5/5Forex: Spot TradingYesCurrency Pairs (Total the Forex market pairs)182Social Trading / Copy-TradingYesCFDs instrumentsforex, stocks, crypto, ETFs, Bonds, Mutual fund, futures, indexed products, and so on.Commissions & Fees The dealer gives enterprise-leading costs. Traders and traders get competitive spreads and commissions throughout all asset training. The rates additionally grow to be better as change volume will increase. The dealer offers commissions from $1 on US stocks and the USA-indexed ETFs. It also costs commissions as low as $1.25 futures and indexed options; there aren't any expenses for making an investment in mutual funds. Many of the options, bonds, and futures expenses are a little high as compared to some other agents. For more facts on the expenses Rating: 4/5Minimum Initial DepositUSD 10,00, 500(GBP) for UK, USD3000 for Australia and SGD three hundred for Singapore Average Spread EUR/USD – Standard0.8All-in Cost EUR/USD – Active0.6Minimum withdrawal Platforms & Tools SaxoTraderGO It has improved trade tickets, fundamental and technical evaluation equipment, an in depth charting package, performance analysis, and some other essential capabilities. It helps a one-screen setup even though the chart can be dragged to a 2nd display screen. I located that the platform is obtainable through mobile and exclusive variations of windows.SaxoTraderPRO it's miles completely customizable and is a expert-grade platform. It provides functions like algorithmic orders, one-click buying and selling, and different charting applications. I found that it's miles customizable throughout six screens, with superior workspace and more functions thru my check. This platform isn't reachable on mobile gadgets. It is restrained to PC and MAC. The two platforms are well constructed and are consumer-friendly. Connectivity and APIs: this device allows you hook up with Saxo’s capital markets infrastructure through your selected interface. Third-celebration equipment These tools assist to execute trades from one in all Saxo’s companion’s structures. This enables you join your Saxo account to a 3rd-birthday celebration platform to access custom tools that healthy your unique buying and selling requirement. These equipment, although useful, is probably too technical for beginners to understand how to use them. Such novices could need to undergo a getting to know procedure to master them. The broking also gives a demo account in which traders can alternate a selected marketplace earlier than trading it on a stay account. Rating: 4/5Virtual Trading (Demo)YesProprietary PlatformYesDesktop Platform (Windows)YesWeb PlatformYesMetaTrader four (MT4)YesMetaTrader 5 (MT5)NoCharting – Indicators / Studies (Total)58Charting – Drawing Tools (Total)19Charting – Trade From ChartYesOrder Type – Trailing StopYesResearch The studies tools cover all of the assets furnished. Saxo Bank affords day by day commentary and in-intensity analysis across its markets. There are also articles written through monetary experts from special fields that can be beneficial for buyers to get statistics from. The studies data helps you understand how investors view the markets and notice what the experts are seeing.
mehdi4027 / Solar Gold Smart Safe I am the real Satoshi Nakamoto and the main creator of Bitcoin. My name is mehdi mehrabi and: At the time of the initial coding, I defined using a formula that has numerical coordinates and each currency code has a unique identity, and at the same time manages cash under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto Did. And my goal was to instill a cryptocurrency for banking stability in order to revolutionize the central treasury and the monetary organization, and the idea was to create every sale in line with a coding program that would create economic transparency in the world andProviding financial security for capital owners. Every human being has a new perspective and a real belief that the sincerity of the thoughts that originate leads the heart to reason in the metaphysical science of the brain. During these few years since the birth of this financial system, many people have abused my position and name and shown themselves in my place. Wow, the attitude of growth is to eliminate Satoshi Nakamoto and to name an identity that, if his name would create an economic revolution, would be based solely on faith and God's direct connection to the innate intellect and intuition that serves human society.ی کرد. But I can no longer tolerate such capital, which is used by God's science to create this kind of looting by opportunists who try to shake this illusion from the darkest parts of everyone. The goal is to create the attitude of the birth of superior minds that leave a legacy for the future, as our past has left us. In fact, the further man goes, the closer he actually gets to his past, which means that we will exist in nature over and over again, but with a different appearance and mask that we choose.So the new revolution is the attitude of Bitcoin today towards the beginning of a new revolution, and that is to balance the trade of an economic action in relation to certain times, such as the coronary heart disease epidemic in the world, which creates this superiority. Trust of capital owners in the event of such problems and disasters and the existence of Bitcoin financial insurance. The title Quinn Insurance is based on. Another reason why no one has been able to pinpoint my exact location is my proxy closet and London location. This shows my proxy in London.And bitcoin talc. Also, I can fully present the initial file of my invention to the community. Thank you. I have many emails, if you need to tell me to provide them all. Also, I have now come to be born and come up with another new idea and I want to share the product and fruit of my few years of absence with the best and their opinion. Let me know. Thank you for your time. My goal in creating this platform with friends who worked on it after receiving the initial source code is just one way and one sign to achieve growthAnd it was economic excellence. Transparency of bitcoins and digital currencies should not be used by profiteers and profiteers. We all know that attitudes and economic growth are in line with cultural and social growth and are aligned with each other. The programming of this new life made our loved ones promise a new revolution in the digital currency industry and wait for an invention. Let it be the result of this period since my absence. And this is nothing but a virtual safe deposit box that will be a winning business and next to it, the listed stock exchange and the OTC exchangeAnd the ability to trade small and large. Around the world with the aim of providing virtual currency and preventing people from abusing brands and brands, as well as investing in medical and scientific subjects and traveling to Earth for a living. So our heritage will be for our children and our future. Hard men and hard days, these hard men win the rush and the man becomes valuable with effort. My goal is not financial excellence but spiritual excellence to keep my name alive and also to prove the encrypted network of each person's brain from the past to the present. Do you know me?Even then, after every year, the original formula was in the Dark Web. I have a lot of evidence that proves that I am a real Satoshi. Even now, it does not matter to me whether anyone believes it or not, because my new invention will change the world. I just wanted to say if I still want to work. We will need a group like the previous group and even better. Now is the time to transfer all my assets and financial resources in China and other blocks to my account and wallet. Also, I have complete documents proving that I amI am the real Satoshi Nakomoto. Please. If I want to show myself now, it is the creation of another new and new phenomenon that will lead to a superior revolution and beyond. So now if you really believe in Satoshi and his ideas and path, be sure to let your top officials and world leaders know that the sun will rise.
atyho / IFC Data Science In Central BankingFiles for IFC Workshop on Data Science in Central Banking
pablo-reyes8 / Inflation Forecasting Arima LstmInflation-forecasting pipeline that combines ARIMA diagnostics in Stata with LSTM tuning in Python. It covers CPI data preparation, exploratory analysis, model selection, residual checks, and dynamic multi-step forecasts, then benchmarks econometric and deep-learning approaches with MSE, MAE, and R^2 plus clear visuals.
mehdi4027 / Satoshi Nakomotoat the time of the initial coding, I defined using a formula that had numerical coordinates and each currency code had a unique identity, and at the same time was operating cash under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. And my goal The induction of banking stability cryptocurrency was created to elevate a revolution in the attitude of the central treasury and the monetary organization, and the idea of creating each sell was in line with a coding program that would create economic transparency in the world and provide financial security to capital owners. Every human being has a new vision and a true belief that the honesty of the thoughts that originate leads the heart to the reasoning of the metaphysical science of the brain. During these several years since the birth of this financial system, many people have abused my position and name and shown themselves in my place. Wow, the growth attitude is to induce the removal of Satoshi Nakamoto and name an identity that, if his name produced an economic revolution, stemmed only from faith and God's direct connection to the intrinsic intellect and intuition that served human society. But I can no longer bear that Such capital that using the sciences of God This kind of plunder is created by opportunists who try to shake this illusion from the darkest parts of everything. The goal is to create the attitude of the birth of superior minds to leave a legacy to the future, as our past left us. In fact, man The further it goes, the closer it actually gets to the past of its predecessors, and this means that we will exist again and again in nature, but with a different appearance and mask that we choose. So the new revolution is the attitude of Bitcoin today towards It starts a new one, and that is creating the business balance of an economic act in relation to certain times, such as the coronary heart disease epidemic in the world, which with this excellence creates the confidence of capital owners in times of such problems and disasters and the existence of Bitcoin financial insurance. The title of Quinn Insurance, which is based on stock exchange transactions, of course, depending on the type of problem, for example, during major illness, the activity to provide medicine, vaccines and items needed by human societies, because the growth of a nation is only when that nation is equal to gender and Race to know that humans based on reason and Judy is judged, not visually. So my friends, brothers, sisters and masters. I once again, as a service to you, proves the motivation of time and not language. So my heart is the place of love and wealth that you have in your heart and You give it to your fellow man with a smile. You are your real wealth. Love is believed to be a seedling in the existence of every hero.
