30 skills found
aws-samples / Well Architected Iac AnalyzerSample Generative AI tool for evaluating Infrastructure as Code and architecture diagrams against AWS Well-Architected best practices.
DocHubTeam / DocHubУправление архитектурой как кодом
SlavaVedernikov / C4InterFlowArchitecture as Code (AaC) framework that lets you describe Architecture Model once and then generates many diagrams. Inspired by C4 Model
himanshub1007 / Alzhimers Disease Prediction Using Deep Learning# AD-Prediction Convolutional Neural Networks for Alzheimer's Disease Prediction Using Brain MRI Image ## Abstract Alzheimers disease (AD) is characterized by severe memory loss and cognitive impairment. It associates with significant brain structure changes, which can be measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. The observable preclinical structure changes provides an opportunity for AD early detection using image classification tools, like convolutional neural network (CNN). However, currently most AD related studies were limited by sample size. Finding an efficient way to train image classifier on limited data is critical. In our project, we explored different transfer-learning methods based on CNN for AD prediction brain structure MRI image. We find that both pretrained 2D AlexNet with 2D-representation method and simple neural network with pretrained 3D autoencoder improved the prediction performance comparing to a deep CNN trained from scratch. The pretrained 2D AlexNet performed even better (**86%**) than the 3D CNN with autoencoder (**77%**). ## Method #### 1. Data In this project, we used public brain MRI data from **Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)** Study. ADNI is an ongoing, multicenter cohort study, started from 2004. It focuses on understanding the diagnostic and predictive value of Alzheimers disease specific biomarkers. The ADNI study has three phases: ADNI1, ADNI-GO, and ADNI2. Both ADNI1 and ADNI2 recruited new AD patients and normal control as research participants. Our data included a total of 686 structure MRI scans from both ADNI1 and ADNI2 phases, with 310 AD cases and 376 normal controls. We randomly derived the total sample into training dataset (n = 519), validation dataset (n = 100), and testing dataset (n = 67). #### 2. Image preprocessing Image preprocessing were conducted using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software, version 12. The original MRI scans were first skull-stripped and segmented using segmentation algorithm based on 6-tissue probability mapping and then normalized to the International Consortium for Brain Mapping template of European brains using affine registration. Other configuration includes: bias, noise, and global intensity normalization. The standard preprocessing process output 3D image files with an uniform size of 121x145x121. Skull-stripping and normalization ensured the comparability between images by transforming the original brain image into a standard image space, so that same brain substructures can be aligned at same image coordinates for different participants. Diluted or enhanced intensity was used to compensate the structure changes. the In our project, we used both whole brain (including both grey matter and white matter) and grey matter only. #### 3. AlexNet and Transfer Learning Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are very similar to ordinary Neural Networks. A CNN consists of an input and an output layer, as well as multiple hidden layers. The hidden layers are either convolutional, pooling or fully connected. ConvNet architectures make the explicit assumption that the inputs are images, which allows us to encode certain properties into the architecture. These then make the forward function more efficient to implement and vastly reduce the amount of parameters in the network. #### 3.1. AlexNet The net contains eight layers with weights; the first five are convolutional and the remaining three are fully connected. The overall architecture is shown in Figure 1. The output of the last fully-connected layer is fed to a 1000-way softmax which produces a distribution over the 1000 class labels. AlexNet maximizes the multinomial logistic regression objective, which is equivalent to maximizing the average across training cases of the log-probability of the correct label under the prediction distribution. The kernels of the second, fourth, and fifth convolutional layers are connected only to those kernel maps in the previous layer which reside on the same GPU (as shown in Figure1). The kernels of the third convolutional layer are connected to all kernel maps in the second layer. The neurons in the fully connected layers are connected to all neurons in the previous layer. Response-normalization layers follow the first and second convolutional layers. Max-pooling layers follow both response-normalization layers as well as the fifth convolutional layer. The ReLU non-linearity is applied to the output of every convolutional and fully-connected layer.  The first convolutional layer filters the 224x224x3 input image with 96 kernels of size 11x11x3 with a stride of 4 pixels (this is the distance between the receptive field centers of neighboring neurons in a kernel map). The second convolutional layer takes as input the (response-normalized and pooled) output of the first convolutional layer and filters it with 256 kernels of size 5x5x48. The third, fourth, and fifth convolutional layers are connected to one another without any intervening pooling or normalization layers. The third convolutional layer has 384 kernels of size 3x3x256 connected to the (normalized, pooled) outputs of the second convolutional layer. The fourth convolutional layer has 384 kernels of size 3x3x192 , and the fifth convolutional layer has 256 kernels of size 3x3x192. The fully-connected layers have 4096 neurons each. #### 3.2. Transfer Learning Training an entire Convolutional Network from scratch (with random initialization) is impractical[14] because it is relatively rare to have a dataset of sufficient size. An alternative is to pretrain a Conv-Net on a very large dataset (e.g. ImageNet), and then use the ConvNet either as an initialization or a fixed feature extractor for the task of interest. Typically, there are three major transfer learning scenarios: **ConvNet as fixed feature extractor:** We can take a ConvNet pretrained on ImageNet, and remove the last fully-connected layer, then treat the rest structure as a fixed feature extractor for the target dataset. In AlexNet, this would be a 4096-D vector. Usually, we call these features as CNN codes. Once we get these features, we can train a linear classifier (e.g. linear SVM or Softmax classifier) for our target dataset. **Fine-tuning the ConvNet:** Another idea is not only replace the last fully-connected layer in the classifier, but to also fine-tune the parameters of the pretrained network. Due to overfitting concerns, we can only fine-tune some higher-level part of the network. This suggestion is motivated by the observation that earlier features in a ConvNet contains more generic features (e.g. edge detectors or color blob detectors) that can be useful for many kind of tasks. But the later layer of the network becomes progressively more specific to the details of the classes contained in the original dataset. **Pretrained models:** The released pretrained model is usually the final ConvNet checkpoint. So it is common to see people use the network for fine-tuning. #### 4. 3D Autoencoder and Convolutional Neural Network We take a two-stage approach where we first train a 3D sparse autoencoder to learn filters for convolution operations, and then build a convolutional neural network whose first layer uses the filters learned with the autoencoder.  #### 4.1. Sparse Autoencoder An autoencoder is a 3-layer neural network that is used to extract features from an input such as an image. Sparse representations can provide a simple interpretation of the input data in terms of a small number of \parts by extracting the structure hidden in the data. The autoencoder has an input layer, a hidden layer and an output layer, and the input and output layers have same number of units, while the hidden layer contains more units for a sparse and overcomplete representation. The encoder function maps input x to representation h, and the decoder function maps the representation h to the output x. In our problem, we extract 3D patches from scans as the input to the network. The decoder function aims to reconstruct the input form the hidden representation h. #### 4.2. 3D Convolutional Neural Network Training the 3D convolutional neural network(CNN) is the second stage. The CNN we use in this project has one convolutional layer, one pooling layer, two linear layers, and finally a log softmax layer. After training the sparse autoencoder, we take the weights and biases of the encoder from trained model, and use them a 3D filter of a 3D convolutional layer of the 1-layer convolutional neural network. Figure 2 shows the architecture of the network. #### 5. Tools In this project, we used Nibabel for MRI image processing and PyTorch Neural Networks implementation.
jettbrains / L W3C Strategic Highlights September 2019 This report was prepared for the September 2019 W3C Advisory Committee Meeting (W3C Member link). See the accompanying W3C Fact Sheet — September 2019. For the previous edition, see the April 2019 W3C Strategic Highlights. For future editions of this report, please consult the latest version. A Chinese translation is available. ☰ Contents Introduction Future Web Standards Meeting Industry Needs Web Payments Digital Publishing Media and Entertainment Web & Telecommunications Real-Time Communications (WebRTC) Web & Networks Automotive Web of Things Strengthening the Core of the Web HTML CSS Fonts SVG Audio Performance Web Performance WebAssembly Testing Browser Testing and Tools WebPlatform Tests Web of Data Web for All Security, Privacy, Identity Internationalization (i18n) Web Accessibility Outreach to the world W3C Developer Relations W3C Training Translations W3C Liaisons Introduction This report highlights recent work of enhancement of the existing landscape of the Web platform and innovation for the growth and strength of the Web. 33 working groups and a dozen interest groups enable W3C to pursue its mission through the creation of Web standards, guidelines, and supporting materials. We track the tremendous work done across the Consortium through homogeneous work-spaces in Github which enables better monitoring and management. We are in the middle of a period where we are chartering numerous working groups which demonstrate the rapid degree of change for the Web platform: After 4 years, we are nearly ready to publish a Payment Request API Proposed Recommendation and we need to soon charter follow-on work. In the last year we chartered the Web Payment Security Interest Group. In the last year we chartered the Web Media Working Group with 7 specifications for next generation Media support on the Web. We have Accessibility Guidelines under W3C Member review which includes Silver, a new approach. We have just launched the Decentralized Identifier Working Group which has tremendous potential because Decentralized Identifier (DID) is an identifier that is globally unique, resolveable with high availability, and cryptographically verifiable. We have Privacy IG (PING) under W3C Member review which strengthens our focus on the tradeoff between privacy and function. We have a new CSS charter under W3C Member review which maps the group's work for the next three years. In this period, W3C and the WHATWG have succesfully completed the negotiation of a Memorandum of Understanding rooted in the mutual belief that that having two distinct specifications claiming to be normative is generally harmful for the Web community. The MOU, signed last May, describes how the two organizations are to collaborate on the development of a single authoritative version of the HTML and DOM specifications. W3C subsequently rechartered the HTML Working Group to assist the W3C community in raising issues and proposing solutions for the HTML and DOM specifications, and for the production of W3C Recommendations from WHATWG Review Drafts. As the Web evolves continuously, some groups are looking for ways for specifications to do so as well. So-called "evergreen recommendations" or "living standards" aim to track continuous development (and maintenance) of features, on a feature-by-feature basis, while getting review and patent commitments. We see the maturation and further development of an incredible number of new technologies coming to the Web. Continued progress in many areas demonstrates the vitality of the W3C and the Web community, as the rest of the report illustrates. Future Web Standards W3C has a variety of mechanisms for listening to what the community thinks could become good future Web standards. These include discussions with the Membership, discussions with other standards bodies, the activities of thousands of participants in over 300 community groups, and W3C Workshops. There are lots of good ideas. The W3C strategy team has been identifying promising topics and invites public participation. Future, recent and under consideration Workshops include: Inclusive XR (5-6 November 2019, Seattle, WA, USA) to explore existing and future approaches on making Virtual and Augmented Reality experiences more inclusive, including to people with disabilities; W3C Workshop on Data Models for Transportation (12-13 September 2019, Palo Alto, CA, USA) W3C Workshop on Web Games (27-28 June 2019, Redmond, WA, USA), view report Second W3C Workshop on the Web of Things (3-5 June 2019, Munich, Germany) W3C Workshop on Web Standardization for Graph Data; Creating Bridges: RDF, Property Graph and SQL (4-6 March 2019, Berlin, Germany), view report Web & Machine Learning. The Strategy Funnel documents the staff's exploration of potential new work at various phases: Exploration and Investigation, Incubation and Evaluation, and eventually to the chartering of a new standards group. The Funnel view is a GitHub Project where new area are issues represented by “cards” which move through the columns, usually from left to right. Most cards start in Exploration and move towards Chartering, or move out of the funnel. Public input is welcome at any stage but particularly once Incubation has begun. This helps W3C identify work that is sufficiently incubated to warrant standardization, to review the ecosystem around the work and indicate interest in participating in its standardization, and then to draft a charter that reflects an appropriate scope. Ongoing feedback can speed up the overall standardization process. Since the previous highlights document, W3C has chartered a number of groups, and started discussion on many more: Newly Chartered or Rechartered Web Application Security WG (03-Apr) Web Payment Security IG (17-Apr) Patent and Standards IG (24-Apr) Web Applications WG (14-May) Web & Networks IG (16-May) Media WG (23-May) Media and Entertainment IG (06-Jun) HTML WG (06-Jun) Decentralized Identifier WG (05-Sep) Extended Privacy IG (PING) (30-Sep) Verifiable Claims WG (30-Sep) Service Workers WG (31-Dec) Dataset Exchange WG (31-Dec) Web of Things Working Group (31-Dec) Web Audio Working Group (31-Dec) Proposed charters / Advance Notice Accessibility Guidelines WG Privacy IG (PING) RDF Literal Direction WG Timed Text WG CSS WG Web Authentication WG Closed Internationalization Tag Set IG Meeting Industry Needs Web Payments All Web Payments specifications W3C's payments standards enable a streamlined checkout experience, enabling a consistent user experience across the Web with lower front end development costs for merchants. Users can store and reuse information and more quickly and accurately complete online transactions. The Web Payments Working Group has republished Payment Request API as a Candidate Recommendation, aiming to publish a Proposed Recommendation in the Fall 2019, and is discussing use cases and features for Payment Request after publication of the 1.0 Recommendation. Browser vendors have been finalizing implementation of features added in the past year (view the implementation report). As work continues on the Payment Handler API and its implementation (currently in Chrome and Edge Canary), one focus in 2019 is to increase adoption in other browsers. Recently, Mastercard demonstrated the use of Payment Request API to carry out EMVCo's Secure Remote Commerce (SRC) protocol whose payment method definition is being developed with active participation by Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover. Payment method availability is a key factor in merchant considerations about adopting Payment Request API. The ability to get uniform adoption of a new payment method such as Secure Remote Commerce (SRC) also depends on the availability of the Payment Handler API in browsers, or of proprietary alternatives. Web Monetization, which the Web Payments Working Group will discuss again at its face-to-face meeting in September, can be used to enable micropayments as an alternative revenue stream to advertising. Since the beginning of 2019, Amazon, Brave Software, JCB, Certus Cybersecurity Solutions and Netflix have joined the Web Payments Working Group. In April, W3C launched the Web Payment Security Group to enable W3C, EMVCo, and the FIDO Alliance to collaborate on a vision for Web payment security and interoperability. Participants will define areas of collaboration and identify gaps between existing technical specifications in order to increase compatibility among different technologies, such as: How do SRC, FIDO, and Payment Request relate? The Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2) regulations in Europe are scheduled to take effect in September 2019. What is the role of EMVCo, W3C, and FIDO technologies, and what is the current state of readiness for the deadline? How can we improve privacy on the Web at the same time as we meet industry requirements regarding user identity? Digital Publishing All Digital Publishing specifications, Publication milestones The Web is the universal publishing platform. Publishing is increasingly impacted by the Web, and the Web increasingly impacts Publishing. Topic of particular interest to Publishing@W3C include typography and layout, accessibility, usability, portability, distribution, archiving, offline access, print on demand, and reliable cross referencing. And the diverse publishing community represented in the groups consist of the traditional "trade" publishers, ebook reading system manufacturers, but also publishers of audio book, scholarly journals or educational materials, library scientists or browser developers. The Publishing Working Group currently concentrates on Audiobooks which lack a comprehensive standard, thus incurring extra costs and time to publish in this booming market. Active development is ongoing on the future standard: Publication Manifest Audiobook profile for Web Publications Lightweight Packaging Format The BD Comics Manga Community Group, the Synchronized Multimedia for Publications Community Group, the Publishing Community Group and a future group on archival, are companions to the working group where specific work is developed and incubated. The Publishing Community Group is a recently launched incubation channel for Publishing@W3C. The goal of the group is to propose, document, and prototype features broadly related to: publications on the Web reading modes and systems and the user experience of publications The EPUB 3 Community Group has successfully completed the revision of EPUB 3.2. The Publishing Business Group fosters ongoing participation by members of the publishing industry and the overall ecosystem in the development of Web infrastructure to better support the needs of the industry. The Business Group serves as an additional conduit to the Publishing Working Group and several Community Groups for feedback between the publishing ecosystem and W3C. The Publishing BG has played a vital role in fostering and advancing the adoption and continued development of EPUB 3. In particular the BG provided critical support to the update of EPUBCheck to validate EPUB content to the new EPUB 3.2 specification. This resulted in the development, in conjunction with the EPUB3 Community Group, of a new generation of EPUBCheck, i.e., EPUBCheck 4.2 production-ready release. Media and Entertainment All Media specifications The Media and Entertainment vertical tracks media-related topics and features that create immersive experiences for end users. HTML5 brought standard audio and video elements to the Web. Standardization activities since then have aimed at turning the Web into a professional platform fully suitable for the delivery of media content and associated materials, enabling missing features to stream video content on the Web such as adaptive streaming and content protection. Together with Microsoft, Comcast, Netflix and Google, W3C received an Technology & Engineering Emmy Award in April 2019 for standardization of a full TV experience on the Web. Current goals are to: Reinforce core media technologies: Creation of the Media Working Group, to develop media-related specifications incubated in the WICG (e.g. Media Capabilities, Picture-in-picture, Media Session) and maintain maintain/evolve Media Source Extensions (MSE) and Encrypted Media Extensions (EME). Improve support for Media Timed Events: data cues incubation. Enhance color support (HDR, wide gamut), in scope of the CSS WG and in the Color on the Web CG. Reduce fragmentation: Continue annual releases of a common and testable baseline media devices, in scope of the Web Media APIs CG and in collaboration with the CTA WAVE Project. Maintain the Road-map of Media Technologies for the Web which highlights Web technologies that can be used to build media applications and services, as well as known gaps to enable additional use cases. Create the future: Discuss perspectives for Media and Entertainment for the Web. Bring the power of GPUs to the Web (graphics, machine learning, heavy processing), under incubation in the GPU for the Web CG. Transition to a Working Group is under discussion. Determine next steps after the successful W3C Workshop on Web Games of June 2019. View the report. Timed Text The Timed Text Working Group develops and maintains formats used for the representation of text synchronized with other timed media, like audio and video, and notably works on TTML, profiles of TTML, and WebVTT. Recent progress includes: A robust WebVTT implementation report poises the specification for publication as a proposed recommendation. Discussions around re-chartering, notably to add a TTML Profile for Audio Description deliverable to the scope of the group, and clarify that rendering of captions within XR content is also in scope. Immersive Web Hardware that enables Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) applications are now broadly available to consumers, offering an immersive computing platform with both new opportunities and challenges. The ability to interact directly with immersive hardware is critical to ensuring that the web is well equipped to operate as a first-class citizen in this environment. The Immersive Web Working Group has been stabilizing the WebXR Device API while the companion Immersive Web Community Group incubates the next series of features identified as key for the future of the Immersive Web. W3C plans a workshop focused on the needs and benefits at the intersection of VR & Accessibility (Inclusive XR), on 5-6 November 2019 in Seattle, WA, USA, to explore existing and future approaches on making Virtual and Augmented Reality experiences more inclusive. Web & Telecommunications The Web is the Open Platform for Mobile. Telecommunication service providers and network equipment providers have long been critical actors in the deployment of Web technologies. As the Web platform matures, it brings richer and richer capabilities to extend existing services to new users and devices, and propose new and innovative services. Real-Time Communications (WebRTC) All Real-Time Communications specifications WebRTC has reshaped the whole communication landscape by making any connected device a potential communication end-point, bringing audio and video communications anywhere, on any network, vastly expanding the ability of operators to reach their customers. WebRTC serves as the corner-stone of many online communication and collaboration services. The WebRTC Working Group aims to bringing WebRTC 1.0 (and companion specification Media Capture and Streams) to Recommendation by the end of 2019. Intense efforts are focused on testing (supported by a dedicated hackathon at IETF 104) and interoperability. The group is considering pushing features that have not gotten enough traction to separate modules or to a later minor revision of the spec. Beyond WebRTC 1.0, the WebRTC Working Group will focus its efforts on WebRTC NV which the group has started documenting by identifying use cases. Web & Networks Recently launched, in the wake of the May 2018 Web5G workshop, the Web & Networks Interest Group is chaired by representatives from AT&T, China Mobile and Intel, with a goal to explore solutions for web applications to achieve better performance and resource allocation, both on the device and network. The group's first efforts are around use cases, privacy & security requirements and liaisons. Automotive All Automotive specifications To create a rich application ecosystem for vehicles and other devices allowed to connect to the vehicle, the W3C Automotive Working Group is delivering a service specification to expose all common vehicle signals (engine temperature, fuel/charge level, range, tire pressure, speed, etc.) The Vehicle Information Service Specification (VISS), which is a Candidate Recommendation, is seeing more implementations across the industry. It provides the access method to a common data model for all the vehicle signals –presently encapsulating a thousand or so different data elements– and will be growing to accommodate the advances in automotive such as autonomous and driver assist technologies and electrification. The group is already working on a successor to VISS, leveraging the underlying data model and the VIWI submission from Volkswagen, for a more robust means of accessing vehicle signals information and the same paradigm for other automotive needs including location-based services, media, notifications and caching content. The Automotive and Web Platform Business Group acts as an incubator for prospective standards work. One of its task forces is using W3C VISS in performing data sampling and off-boarding the information to the cloud. Access to the wealth of information that W3C's auto signals standard exposes is of interest to regulators, urban planners, insurance companies, auto manufacturers, fleet managers and owners, service providers and others. In addition to components needed for data sampling and edge computing, capturing user and owner consent, information collection methods and handling of data are in scope. The upcoming W3C Workshop on Data Models for Transportation (September 2019) is expected to focus on the need of additional ontologies around transportation space. Web of Things All Web of Things specifications W3C's Web of Things work is designed to bridge disparate technology stacks to allow devices to work together and achieve scale, thus enabling the potential of the Internet of Things by eliminating fragmentation and fostering interoperability. Thing descriptions expressed in JSON-LD cover the behavior, interaction affordances, data schema, security configuration, and protocol bindings. The Web of Things complements existing IoT ecosystems to reduce the cost and risk for suppliers and consumers of applications that create value by combining multiple devices and information services. There are many sectors that will benefit, e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart industry, smart agriculture, smart healthcare and many more. The Web of Things Working Group is finishing the initial Web of Things standards, with support from the Web of Things Interest Group: Web of Things Architecture Thing Descriptions Strengthening the Core of the Web HTML The HTML Working Group was chartered early June to assist the W3C community in raising issues and proposing solutions for the HTML and DOM specifications, and to produce W3C Recommendations from WHATWG Review Drafts. A few days before, W3C and the WHATWG signed a Memorandum of Understanding outlining the agreement to collaborate on the development of a single version of the HTML and DOM specifications. Issues and proposed solutions for HTML and DOM done via the newly rechartered HTML Working Group in the WHATWG repositories The HTML Working Group is targetting November 2019 to bring HTML and DOM to Candidate Recommendations. CSS All CSS specifications CSS is a critical part of the Open Web Platform. The CSS Working Group gathers requirements from two large groups of CSS users: the publishing industry and application developers. Within W3C, those groups are exemplified by the Publishing groups and the Web Platform Working Group. The former requires things like better pagination support and advanced font handling, the latter needs intelligent (and fast!) scrolling and animations. What we know as CSS is actually a collection of almost a hundred specifications, referred to as ‘modules’. The current state of CSS is defined by a snapshot, updated once a year. The group also publishes an index defining every term defined by CSS specifications. Fonts All Fonts specifications The Web Fonts Working Group develops specifications that allow the interoperable deployment of downloadable fonts on the Web, with a focus on Progressive Font Enrichment as well as maintenance of WOFF Recommendations. Recent and ongoing work includes: Early API experiments by Adobe and Monotype have demonstrated the feasibility of a font enrichment API, where a server delivers a font with minimal glyph repertoire and the client can query the full repertoire and request additional subsets on-the-fly. In other experiments, the Brotli compression used in WOFF 2 was extended to support shared dictionaries and patch update. Metrics to quantify improvement are a current hot discussion topic. The group will meet at ATypi 2019 in Japan, to gather requirements from the international typography community. The group will first produce a report summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of each prototype solution by Q2 2020. SVG All SVG specifications SVG is an important and widely-used part of the Open Web Platform. The SVG Working Group focuses on aligning the SVG 2.0 specification with browser implementations, having split the specification into a currently-implemented 2.0 and a forward-looking 2.1. Current activity is on stabilization, increased integration with the Open Web Platform, and test coverage analysis. The Working Group was rechartered in March 2019. A new work item concerns native (non-Web-browser) uses of SVG as a non-interactive, vector graphics format. Audio The Web Audio Working Group was extended to finish its work on the Web Audio API, expecting to publish it as a Recommendation by year end. The specification enables synthesizing audio in the browser. Audio operations are performed with audio nodes, which are linked together to form a modular audio routing graph. Multiple sources — with different types of channel layout — are supported. This modular design provides the flexibility to create complex audio functions with dynamic effects. The first version of Web Audio API is now feature complete and is implemented in all modern browsers. Work has started on the next version, and new features are being incubated in the Audio Community Group. Performance Web Performance All Web Performance specifications There are currently 18 specifications in development in the Web Performance Working Group aiming to provide methods to observe and improve aspects of application performance of user agent features and APIs. The W3C team is looking at related work incubated in the W3C GPU for the Web (WebGPU) Community Group which is poised to transition to a W3C Working Group. A preliminary draft charter is available. WebAssembly All WebAssembly specifications WebAssembly improves Web performance and power by being a virtual machine and execution environment enabling loaded pages to run native (compiled) code. It is deployed in Firefox, Edge, Safari and Chrome. The specification will soon reach Candidate Recommendation. WebAssembly enables near-native performance, optimized load time, and perhaps most importantly, a compilation target for existing code bases. While it has a small number of native types, much of the performance increase relative to Javascript derives from its use of consistent typing. WebAssembly leverages decades of optimization for compiled languages and the byte code is optimized for compactness and streaming (the web page starts executing while the rest of the code downloads). Network and API access all occurs through accompanying Javascript libraries -- the security model is identical to that of Javascript. Requirements gathering and language development occur in the Community Group while the Working Group manages test development, community review and progression of specifications on the Recommendation Track. Testing Browser testing plays a critical role in the growth of the Web by: Improving the reliability of Web technology definitions; Improving the quality of implementations of these technologies by helping vendors to detect bugs in their products; Improving the data available to Web developers on known bugs and deficiencies of Web technologies by publishing results of these tests. Browser Testing and Tools The Browser Testing and Tools Working Group is developing WebDriver version 2, having published last year the W3C Recommendation of WebDriver. WebDriver acts as a remote control interface that enables introspection and control of user agents, provides a platform- and language-neutral wire protocol as a way for out-of-process programs to remotely instruct the behavior of Web, and emulates the actions of a real person using the browser. WebPlatform Tests The WebPlatform Tests project now provides a mechanism which allows to fully automate tests that previously needed to be run manually: TestDriver. TestDriver enables sending trusted key and mouse events, sending complex series of trusted pointer and key interactions for things like in-content drag-and-drop or pinch zoom, and even file upload. Since 2014 W3C began work on this coordinated open-source effort to build a cross-browser test suite for the Web Platform, which WHATWG, and all major browsers adopted. Web of Data All Data specifications There have been several great success stories around the standardization of data on the web over the past year. Verifiable Claims seems to have significant uptake. It is also significant that the Distributed Identifier WG charter has received numerous favorable reviews, and was just recently launched. JSON-LD has been a major success with the large deployment on Web sites via schema.org. JSON-LD 1.1 completed technical work, about to transition to CR More than 25% of websites today include schema.org data in JSON-LD The Web of Things description is in CR since May, making use of JSON-LD Verifiable Credentials data model is in CR since July, also making use of JSON-LD Continued strong interest in decentralized identifiers Engagement from the TAG with reframing core documents, such as Ethical Web Principles, to include data on the web within their scope Data is increasingly important for all organizations, especially with the rise of IoT and Big Data. W3C has a mature and extensive suite of standards relating to data that were developed over two decades of experience, with plans for further work on making it easier for developers to work with graph data and knowledge graphs. Linked Data is about the use of URIs as names for things, the ability to dereference these URIs to get further information and to include links to other data. There are ever-increasing sources of open Linked Data on the Web, as well as data services that are restricted to the suppliers and consumers of those services. The digital transformation of industry is seeking to exploit advanced digital technologies. This will facilitate businesses to integrate horizontally along the supply and value chains, and vertically from the factory floor to the office floor. W3C is seeking to make it easier to support enterprise-wide data management and governance, reflecting the strategic importance of data to modern businesses. Traditional approaches to data have focused on tabular databases (SQL/RDBMS), Comma Separated Value (CSV) files, and data embedded in PDF documents and spreadsheets. We're now in midst of a major shift to graph data with nodes and labeled directed links between them. Graph data is: Faster than using SQL and associated JOIN operations More favorable to integrating data from heterogeneous sources Better suited to situations where the data model is evolving In the wake of the recent W3C Workshop on Graph Data we are in the process of launching a Graph Standardization Business Group to provide a business perspective with use cases and requirements, to coordinate technical standards work and liaisons with external organizations. Web for All Security, Privacy, Identity All Security specifications, all Privacy specifications Authentication on the Web As the WebAuthn Level 1 W3C Recommendation published last March is seeing wide implementation and adoption of strong cryptographic authentication, work is proceeding on Level 2. The open standard Web API gives native authentication technology built into native platforms, browsers, operating systems (including mobile) and hardware, offering protection against hacking, credential theft, phishing attacks, thus aiming to end the era of passwords as a security construct. You may read more in our March press release. Privacy An increasing number of W3C specifications are benefitting from Privacy and Security review; there are security and privacy aspects to every specification. Early review is essential. Working with the TAG, the Privacy Interest Group has updated the Self-Review Questionnaire: Security and Privacy. Other recent work of the group includes public blogging further to the exploration of anti-patterns in standards and permission prompts. Security The Web Application Security Working Group adopted Feature Policy, aiming to allow developers to selectively enable, disable, or modify the behavior of some of these browser features and APIs within their application; and Fetch Metadata, aiming to provide servers with enough information to make a priori decisions about whether or not to service a request based on the way it was made, and the context in which it will be used. The Web Payment Security Interest Group, launched last April, convenes members from W3C, EMVCo, and the FIDO Alliance to discuss cooperative work to enhance the security and interoperability of Web payments (read more about payments). Internationalization (i18n) All Internationalization specifications, educational articles related to Internationalization, spec developers checklist Only a quarter or so current Web users use English online and that proportion will continue to decrease as the Web reaches more and more communities of limited English proficiency. If the Web is to live up to the "World Wide" portion of its name, and for the Web to truly work for stakeholders all around the world engaging with content in various languages, it must support the needs of worldwide users as they engage with content in the various languages. The growth of epublishing also brings requirements for new features and improved typography on the Web. It is important to ensure the needs of local communities are captured. The W3C Internationalization Initiative was set up to increase in-house resources dedicated to accelerating progress in making the World Wide Web "worldwide" by gathering user requirements, supporting developers, and education & outreach. For an overview of current projects see the i18n radar. W3C's Internationalization efforts progressed on a number of fronts recently: Requirements: New African and European language groups will work on the gap analysis, errata and layout requirements. Gap analysis: Japanese, Devanagari, Bengali, Tamil, Lao, Khmer, Javanese, and Ethiopic updated in the gap-analysis documents. Layout requirements document: notable progress tracked in the Southeast Asian Task Force while work continues on Chinese layout requirements. Developer support: Spec reviews: the i18n WG continues active review of specifications of the WHATWG and other W3C Working Groups. Short review checklist: easy way to begin a self-review to help spec developers understand what aspects of their spec are likely to need attention for internationalization, and points them to more detailed checklists for the relevant topics. It also helps those reviewing specs for i18n issues. Strings on the Web: Language and Direction Metadata lays out issues and discusses potential solutions for passing information about language and direction with strings in JSON or other data formats. The document was rewritten for clarity, and expanded. The group is collaborating with the JSON-LD and Web Publishing groups to develop a plan for updating RDF, JSON-LD and related specifications to handle metadata for base direction of text (bidi). User-friendly test format: a new format was developed for Internationalization Test Suite tests, which displays helpful information about how the test works. This particularly useful because those tests are pointed to by educational materials and gap-analysis documents. Web Platform Tests: a large number of tests in the i18n test suite have been ported to the WPT repository, including: css-counter-styles, css-ruby, css-syntax, css-test, css-text-decor, css-writing-modes, and css-pseudo. Education & outreach: (for all educational materials, see the HTML & CSS Authoring Techniques) Web Accessibility All Accessibility specifications, WAI resources The Web Accessibility Initiative supports W3C's Web for All mission. Recent achievements include: Education and training: Inaccessibility of CAPTCHA updated to bring our analysis and recommendations up to date with CAPTCHA practice today, concluding two years of extensive work and invaluable input from the public (read more on the W3C Blog Learn why your web content and applications should be accessible. The Education and Outreach Working Group has completed revision and updating of the Business Case for Digital Accessibility. Accessibility guidelines: The Accessibility Guidelines Working Group has continued to update WCAG Techniques and Understanding WCAG 2.1; and published a Candidate Recommendation of Accessibility Conformance Testing Rules Format 1.0 to improve inter-rater reliability when evaluating conformance of web content to WCAG An updated charter is being developed to host work on "Silver", the next generation accessibility guidelines (WCAG 2.2) There are accessibility aspects to most specifications. Check your work with the FAST checklist. Outreach to the world W3C Developer Relations To foster the excellent feedback loop between Web Standards development and Web developers, and to grow participation from that diverse community, recent W3C Developer Relations activities include: @w3cdevs tracks the enormous amount of work happening across W3C W3C Track during the Web Conference 2019 in San Francisco Tech videos: W3C published the 2019 Web Games Workshop videos The 16 September 2019 Developer Meetup in Fukuoka, Japan, is open to all and will combine a set of technical demos prepared by W3C groups, and a series of talks on a selected set of W3C technologies and projects W3C is involved with Mozilla, Google, Samsung, Microsoft and Bocoup in the organization of ViewSource 2019 in Amsterdam (read more on the W3C Blog) W3C Training In partnership with EdX, W3C's MOOC training program, W3Cx offers a complete "Front-End Web Developer" (FEWD) professional certificate program that consists of a suite of five courses on the foundational languages that power the Web: HTML5, CSS and JavaScript. We count nearly 900K students from all over the world. Translations Many Web users rely on translations of documents developed at W3C whose official language is English. W3C is extremely grateful to the continuous efforts of its community in ensuring our various deliverables in general, and in our specifications in particular, are made available in other languages, for free, ensuring their exposure to a much more diverse set of readers. Last Spring we developed a more robust system, a new listing of translations of W3C specifications and updated the instructions on how to contribute to our translation efforts. W3C Liaisons Liaisons and coordination with numerous organizations and Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) is crucial for W3C to: make sure standards are interoperable coordinate our respective agenda in Internet governance: W3C participates in ICANN, GIPO, IGF, the I* organizations (ICANN, IETF, ISOC, IAB). ensure at the government liaison level that our standards work is officially recognized when important to our membership so that products based on them (often done by our members) are part of procurement orders. W3C has ARO/PAS status with ISO. W3C participates in the EU MSP and Rolling Plan on Standardization ensure the global set of Web and Internet standards form a compatible stack of technologies, at the technical and policy level (patent regime, fragmentation, use in policy making) promote Standards adoption equally by the industry, the public sector, and the public at large Coralie Mercier, Editor, W3C Marketing & Communications $Id: Overview.html,v 1.60 2019/10/15 12:05:52 coralie Exp $ Copyright © 2019 W3C ® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang) Usage policies apply.
Midnighter / Structurizr PythonA Python 3 port of Simon Brown's Structurizr diagrams-as-code architecture description tool.
etmc / TmLQCDtmLQCD is a freely available software suite providing a set of tools to be used in lattice QCD simulations. This is mainly a HMC implementation (including PHMC and RHMC) for Wilson, Wilson Clover and Wilson twisted mass fermions and inverter for different versions of the Dirac operator. The code is fully parallelised and ships with optimisations for various modern architectures, such as commodity PC clusters and the Blue Gene family.
BabyJ723 / Blast ON# Awesome Keycloak [](https://github.com/sindresorhus/awesome) # [<img src="https://www.keycloak.org/resources/images/keycloak_logo_480x108.png">](https://github.com/thomasdarimont/awesome-keycloak) > Carefully curated list of awesome Keycloak resources. A curated list of resources for learning about the Open Source Identity and Access Management solution Keycloak. Contains books, websites, blog posts, links to github Repositories. # Contributing Contributions welcome. Add links through pull requests or create an issue to start a discussion. [Please refer to the contributing guide for details](CONTRIBUTING.md). # Contents * [General](#general) * [Documentation](#docs) * [Keycloak Website](http://www.keycloak.org) * [Current Documentation](http://www.keycloak.org/documentation.html) * [Archived Documentation](http://www.keycloak.org/documentation-archive.html) * [Mailing Lists](#mailing-lists) * [User Mailing List](#user-mailing-list) * [Developer Mailing List](#dev-mailing-list) * [Mailing List Search](#mailing-list-search) * [Books](#books) * [Articles](#articles) * [Talks](#talks) * [Presentations](#presentations) * [Video Playlists](#video-playlists) * [Community Extensions](#community-extensions) * [Integrations](#integrations) * [Themes](#themes) * [Docker](#docker) * [Deployment Examples](#deployment-examples) * [Example Projects](#example-projects) * [Benchmarks](#benchmarks) * [Help](#help) * [Commercial Offerings](#commercial-offerings) * [Miscellaneous](#miscellaneous) # General ## Documentation * [Keycloak Website](http://www.keycloak.org/) * [Current Documentation](http://www.keycloak.org/documentation.html) * [Archived Documentation](http://www.keycloak.org/documentation-archive.html) * [Product Documentation for Red Hat Single Sign-On](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en/red-hat-single-sign-on/) ## Discussion Groups and Mailing Lists * [Keycloak Users Google Group](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/keycloak-user) * [Keycloak Developers Google Group](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/keycloak-dev) * [Keycloak Discourse Group](https://keycloak.discourse.group/) * [Keycloak Developer Chat](https://keycloak.zulipchat.com) * [Inactive - User Mailing List](https://lists.jboss.org/mailman/listinfo/keycloak-user) * [Inactive - Developer Mailing List](https://lists.jboss.org/mailman/listinfo/keycloak-dev) * [Mailing List Search](http://www.keycloak.org/search) * [Keycloak Subreddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/keycloak) ## Books * [Keycloak - Identity and Access Management for Modern Applications](https://www.packtpub.com/product/keycloak-identity-and-access-management-for-modern-applications/9781800562493) ## Articles * [How to get Keycloak working with Docker](https://www.ivonet.nl/2015/05/23/Keycloak-Docker/) * [Single-Sign-On for Microservices and/or Java EE applications with Keycloak SSO](http://www.n-k.de/2016/06/keycloak-sso-for-microservices.html) * [Keycloak Admin Client(s) - multiple ways to manage your SSO system](http://www.n-k.de/2016/08/keycloak-admin-client.html) * [How to get the AccessToken of Keycloak in Spring Boot and/or Java EE](http://www.n-k.de/2016/05/how-to-get-accesstoken-from-keycloak-springboot-javaee.html) * [JWT authentication with Vert.x, Keycloak and Angular 2](http://paulbakker.io/java/jwt-keycloak-angular2/) * [Authenticating via Kerberos with Keycloak and Windows 2008 Active Directory](http://matthewcasperson.blogspot.de/2015/07/authenticating-via-kerberos-with.html) * [Deploying Keycloak with Ansible](https://adam.younglogic.com/2016/01/deploying-keycloak-via-ansible/) * [Easily secure your Spring Boot applications with Keycloak](https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2017/05/25/easily-secure-your-spring-boot-applications-with-keycloak/) * [How Red Hat re-designed its Single Sign On (SSO) architecture, and why](https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2016/10/04/how-red-hat-re-designed-its-single-sign-on-sso-architecture-and-why/) * [OAuth2, JWT, Open-ID Connect and other confusing things](http://giallone.blogspot.de/2017/06/oath2.html) * [X509 Authentication with Keycloak and JBoss Fuse](https://sjhiggs.github.io/fuse/sso/x509/smartcard/2017/03/29/fuse-hawtio-keycloak.html) * [Running Keycloak on OpenShift 3](https://medium.com/@sbose78/running-keycloak-on-openshift-3-8d195c0daaf6) * [Introducing Keycloak for Identity and Access Management](https://www.thomasvitale.com/introducing-keycloak-identity-access-management/) * [Keycloak Basic Configuration for Authentication and Authorisation](https://www.thomasvitale.com/keycloak-configuration-authentication-authorisation/) * [Keycloak on OpenShift Origin](https://medium.com/@james_devcomb/keycloak-on-openshift-origin-ee81d01dac97) * [Identity Management, One-Time-Passwords and Two-Factor-Auth with Spring Boot and Keycloak](http://www.hascode.com/2017/11/identity-management-one-time-passwords-and-two-factor-auth-with-spring-boot-and-keycloak/) * [Keycloak Identity Brokering with Openshift](https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2017/12/06/keycloak-identity-brokering-openshift/) * [OpenID Connect Identity Brokering with Red Hat Single Sign-On](https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2017/10/18/openid-connect-identity-brokering-red-hat-single-sign/) * [Authentication & user management is hard](https://eclipsesource.com/blogs/2018/01/11/authenticating-reverse-proxy-with-keycloak/) * [Securing Nginx with Keycloak](https://edhull.co.uk/blog/2018-06-06/keycloak-nginx) * [Secure kibana dashboards using keycloak](https://aboullaite.me/secure-kibana-keycloak/) * [Configuring NGINX for OAuth/OpenID Connect SSO with Keycloak/Red Hat SSO](https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2018/10/08/configuring-nginx-keycloak-oauth-oidc/) * [Keycloak Clustering Setup and Configuration Examples](https://github.com/fit2anything/keycloak-cluster-setup-and-configuration) * [MicroProfile JWT with Keycloak](https://kodnito.com/posts/microprofile-jwt-with-keycloak/) * [Keycloak Essentials](https://medium.com/keycloak/keycloak-essentials-86254b2f1872) * [SSO-session failover with Keycloak and AWS S3](https://medium.com/@georgijsr/sso-session-failover-with-keycloak-and-aws-s3-e0b1db985e12) * [KTOR and Keycloak: authentication with OpenId](https://medium.com/slickteam/ktor-and-keycloak-authentication-with-openid-ecd415d7a62e) * [Keycloak: Core concepts of open source identity and access management](https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2019/12/11/keycloak-core-concepts-of-open-source-identity-and-access-management) * [Who am I? Keycloak Impersonation API](https://blog.softwaremill.com/who-am-i-keycloak-impersonation-api-bfe7acaf051a) * [Setup Keycloak Server on Ubuntu 18.04](https://medium.com/@hasnat.saeed/setup-keycloak-server-on-ubuntu-18-04-ed8c7c79a2d9) * [Getting started with Keycloak](https://robferguson.org/blog/2019/12/24/getting-started-with-keycloak/) * [Angular, OpenID Connect and Keycloak](https://robferguson.org/blog/2019/12/29/angular-openid-connect-keycloak/) * [Angular, OAuth 2.0 Scopes and Keycloak](https://robferguson.org/blog/2019/12/31/angular-oauth2-keycloak/) * [Keycloak, Flowable and OpenLDAP](https://robferguson.org/blog/2020/01/03/keycloak-flowable-and-openldap/) * [How to exchange token from an external provider to a keycloak token](https://www.mathieupassenaud.fr/token-exchange-keycloak/) * [Building an Event Listener SPI (Plugin) for Keycloak](https://dev.to/adwaitthattey/building-an-event-listener-spi-plugin-for-keycloak-2044) * [Keycloak user migration – connect your legacy authentication system to Keycloak](https://codesoapbox.dev/keycloak-user-migration/) * [Keycloak Authentication and Authorization in GraphQL](https://medium.com/@darahayes/keycloak-authentication-and-authorization-in-graphql-ad0a1685f7da) * [Kong / Konga / Keycloak: securing API through OIDC](https://github.com/d4rkstar/kong-konga-keycloak) * [KeyCloak: Custom Login theme](https://codehumsafar.wordpress.com/2018/09/11/keycloak-custom-login-theme/) * [Keycloak: Use background color instead of background image in Custom Login theme](https://codehumsafar.wordpress.com/2018/09/21/keycloak-use-background-color-instead-of-background-image-in-custom-login-theme/) * [How to turn off the Keycloak theme cache](https://keycloakthemes.com/blog/how-to-turn-off-the-keycloak-theme-cache) * [How to add a custom field to the Keycloak registration page](https://keycloakthemes.com/blog/how-to-add-custom-field-keycloak-registration-page) * [How to setup Sign in with Google using Keycloak](https://keycloakthemes.com/blog/how-to-setup-sign-in-with-google-using-keycloak) * [How to sign in users on Keycloak using Github](https://keycloakthemes.com/blog/how-to-sign-in-users-on-keycloak-using-github) * [Extending Keycloak SSO Capabilities with IBM Security Verify](https://community.ibm.com/community/user/security/blogs/jason-choi1/2020/06/10/extending-keycloak-sso-capabilities-with-ibm-secur) * [AWS SAML based User Federation using Keycloak](https://medium.com/@karanbir.tech/aws-connect-saml-based-identity-provider-using-keycloak-9b3e6d0111e6) * [AWS user account OpenID federation using Keycloak](https://medium.com/@karanbir.tech/aws-account-openid-federation-using-keycloak-40d22b952a43) * [How to Run Keycloak in HA on Kubernetes](https://blog.sighup.io/keycloak-ha-on-kubernetes/) * [How to create a Keycloak authenticator as a microservice?](https://medium.com/application-security/how-to-create-a-keycloak-authenticator-as-a-microservice-ad332e287b58) * [keycloak.ch | Installing & Running Keycloak](https://keycloak.ch/keycloak-tutorials/tutorial-1-installing-and-running-keycloak/) * [keycloak.ch | Configuring Token Exchange using the CLI](https://keycloak.ch/keycloak-tutorials/tutorial-token-exchange/) * [keycloak.ch | Configuring WebAuthn](https://keycloak.ch/keycloak-tutorials/tutorial-webauthn/) * [keycloak.ch | Configuring a SwissID integration](https://keycloak.ch/keycloak-tutorials/tutorial-swissid/) * [Getting Started with Service Accounts in Keycloak](https://medium.com/@mihirrajdixit/getting-started-with-service-accounts-in-keycloak-c8f6798a0675) * [Building cloud native apps: Identity and Access Management](https://dev.to/lukaszbudnik/building-cloud-native-apps-identity-and-access-management-1e5m) * [X.509 user certificate authentication with Red Hat’s single sign-on technology](https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2021/02/19/x-509-user-certificate-authentication-with-red-hats-single-sign-on-technology) * [Grafana OAuth with Keycloak and how to validate a JWT token](https://janikvonrotz.ch/2020/08/27/grafana-oauth-with-keycloak-and-how-to-validate-a-jwt-token/) * [How to setup a Keycloak server with external MySQL database on AWS ECS Fargate in clustered mode](https://jbjerksetmyr.medium.com/how-to-setup-a-keycloak-server-with-external-mysql-database-on-aws-ecs-fargate-in-clustered-mode-9775d01cd317) * [Extending Keycloak: adding API key authentication](http://www.zakariaamine.com/2019-06-14/extending-keycloak) * [Extending Keycloak: using a custom email sender](http://www.zakariaamine.com/2019-07-14/extending-keycloak2) * [Integrating Keycloak and OPA with Confluent](https://goraft.tech/2021/03/17/integrating-keycloak-and-opa-with-confluent.html) * [UMA 2.0 : User Managed Access - how to use it with bash](https://blog.please-open.it/uma/) ## Talks * [JDD2015 - Keycloak Open Source Identity and Access Management Solution](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TuEkj25lbd0) * [2015 Using Tomcat and Keycloak in an iFrame](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nF_lw7uIxao) * [2016 You've Got Microservices Now Secure Them](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfVhqf-rMQY) * [2016 Keycloak: Open Source Single Sign On - Sebastian Rose - AOE conf (german)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbKw0Bwyne4) * [2016 Sécuriser ses applications back et front facilement avec Keycloak (french)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVidgluUcg0) * [2016 Keycloak and Red Hat Mobile Application Platform](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NBgiHM5aOA) * [2016 Easily secure your Front and back applications with KeyCloak](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGp4HUKikts) * [2017 Easily secure your Spring Boot applications with Keycloak - Part 1](https://developers.redhat.com/video/youtube/vpgRTPFDHAw/) * [2017 Easily secure your Spring Boot applications with Keycloak - Part 2](https://developers.redhat.com/video/youtube/O5ePCWON08Y/) * [2018 How to secure your Spring Apps with Keycloak by Thomas Darimont @ Spring I/O 2018](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haHFoeWUj0w) * [2018 DevNation Live | A Deep Dive into Keycloak](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxpY_zZ52kU) * [2018 IDM Europe: WSO2 Identity Server vs. Keycloak (Dmitry Kann)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnjBiGsEDoU) * [2018 JPrime|Building an effective identity and access management architecture with Keycloak (Sebastien Blanc)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMqcGkCvUVQ) * [2018 WJAX| Sichere Spring-Anwendungen mit Keycloak](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Z490EMcafs) * [2019 Spring I/O | Secure your Spring Apps with Keycloak](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KrOd5wIkqls) * [2019 DevoxxFR | Maitriser sa gestion de l'identité avec Keycloak (L. Benoit, T. Recloux, S. Blanc)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cziL__0-K8) * [2019 DevConf | Fine - Grained Authorization with Keycloak SSO (Marek Posolda)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yosg4St0iUw) * [2019 VoxxedDays Minsk | Bilding an effective identity and access management architecture with Keycloak (Sebastien Blanc)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RupQWmYhrLA) * [2019 Single-Sign-On Authentifizierung mit dem Keycloak Identity Provider | jambit CoffeeTalk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnY6ORaFNY8) * [2020 Keycloak Team | Keycloak Pitch](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZTN_VXjoQw) * [2020 Keycloak Team | Keycloak Overview](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duawSV69LDI) * [2020 Please-open.it : oauth2 dans le monde des ops (french)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-9X50QajmY) ## Presentations * [Keycloak 101](https://stevenolen.github.io/kc101-talk/#1) ## Video Playlists * [Keycloak Identity and Access Management by Łukasz Budnik](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLPZal7ksxNs0mgScrJxrggEayV-TPZ9sA) * [Keycloak by Niko Köbler](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLNn3plN7ZiaowUvKzKiJjYfWpp86u98iY) * [Keycloak Playlist by hexaDefence](https://youtu.be/35bflT_zxXA) * [Keycloak Tutorial Series by CodeLens](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lr9WeIMtFow&list=PLeGNmkzI56BTjRxNGxUhh4k30FD_gy0pC) ## Clients * [Official Keycloak Node.js Admin Client](https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak-admin-client/) ("Extremely Experimental") * [Keycloak Node.js TypeScript Admin Client by Canner](https://github.com/Canner/keycloak-admin/) * [Keycloak Go Client by Cloudtrust](https://github.com/cloudtrust/keycloak-client) * [Keycloak Nest.js Admin Client by Relevant Fruit](https://github.com/relevantfruit/nestjs-keycloak-admin) ## Community Extensions * [Keycloak Extensions List](https://www.keycloak.org/extensions.html) * [Keycloak Benchmark Project](https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak-benchmark) * [Keycloak: Link IdP Login with User Provider](https://github.com/ohioit/keycloak-link-idp-with-user) * [Client Owner Manager: Control who can edit a client](https://github.com/cyclone-project/cyclone-client-registration) * [Keyloak Proxy written in Go](https://github.com/gambol99/keycloak-proxy) * [Script based ProtocolMapper extension for SAML](https://github.com/cloudtrust/keycloak-client-mappers) * [Realm export REST resource by Cloudtrust](https://github.com/cloudtrust/keycloak-export) * [Keycloak JDBC Ping Setup by moremagic](https://github.com/moremagic/keycloak-jdbc-ping) * [SMS 2 Factor Authentication for Keycloak via AWS SNS](https://github.com/nickpack/keycloak-sms-authenticator-sns) * [SMS 2 Factor Authentiation for Keycloak via SMS by Alliander](https://github.com/Alliander/keycloak-sms-authenticator) * [Identity Provider for vk.com](https://github.com/mrk08/keycloak-vk) * [CAS Protocol Support](https://github.com/Doccrazy/keycloak-protocol-cas) * [WS-FED Support](https://github.com/cloudtrust/keycloak-wsfed) * [Keycloak Discord Support](https://github.com/wadahiro/keycloak-discord) * [Keycloak Login with User Attribute](https://github.com/cnieg/keycloak-login-attribute) * [zonaut/keycloak-extensions](https://github.com/zonaut/keycloak-extensions) * [leroyguillaume/keycloak-bcrypt](https://github.com/leroyguillaume/keycloak-bcrypt) * [SPI Authenticator in Nodejs](https://www.npmjs.com/package/keycloak-rest-authenticator) * [Have I Been Pwned? Keycloak Password Policy](https://github.com/alexashley/keycloak-password-policy-have-i-been-pwned) * [Keycloak Eventlistener for Google Cloud Pub Sub](https://github.com/acesso-io/keycloak-event-listener-gcpubsub) * [Enforcing Password policy based on attributes of User Groups](https://github.com/sayedcsekuet/keycloak-user-group-based-password-policy) * [Verify Email with Link or Code by hokumski](https://github.com/hokumski/keycloak-verifyemailwithcode) * [Role-based Docker registry authentication](https://github.com/lifs-tools/keycloak-docker-role-mapper) * [SCIM for keycloak](https://github.com/Captain-P-Goldfish/scim-for-keycloak) * [Keycloak Kafka Module](https://github.com/SnuK87/keycloak-kafka) ## Integrations * [Official Keycloak Node.js Connect Adapter](https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak-nodejs-connect) * [Keycloak support for Aurelia](https://github.com/waynepennington/aurelia-keycloak) * [Keycloak OAuth2 Auth for PHP](https://github.com/stevenmaguire/oauth2-keycloak) * [Jenkins Keycloak Authentication Plugin](https://github.com/jenkinsci/keycloak-plugin) * [Meteor Keycloak Accounts](https://github.com/mxab/meteor-keycloak) * [HapiJS Keycloak Auth](https://github.com/felixheck/hapi-auth-keycloak) * [zmartzone mod_auth_openidc for Apache 2.x](https://github.com/zmartzone/mod_auth_openidc) * [Duo Security MFA Authentication for Keycloak](https://github.com/mulesoft-labs/keycloak-duo-spi) * [Extension Keycloak facilitant l'utilisation de FranceConnect](https://github.com/InseeFr/Keycloak-FranceConnect) * [Ambassador Keycloak Support](https://www.getambassador.io/reference/idp-support/keycloak/) * [Keycloak Python Client](https://github.com/akhilputhiry/keycloak-client) * [Keycloak Terraform Provider](https://github.com/mrparkers/terraform-provider-keycloak) * [Keycloak ADFS OpenID Connect](https://www.michaelboeynaems.com/keycloak-ADFS-OIDC.html) * [React/NextJS Keycloak Bindings](https://github.com/panz3r/react-keycloak) * [Keycloak Open-Shift integration](https://github.com/keycloak/openshift-integration) * [Keycloak, Kong and Konga setup scripts (local development)](https://github.com/JaouherK/Kong-konga-Keycloak) * [SSO for Keycloak and Nextcloud with SAML](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/48400812/sso-with-saml-keycloak-and-nextcloud) * [Keycloak Connect GraphQL Adapter for Node.js](https://github.com/aerogear/keycloak-connect-graphql) * [python-keycloak](https://github.com/marcospereirampj/python-keycloak) * [Keycloak and PrivacyId3a docker-compose (local development)](https://github.com/JaouherK/keycloak-privacyIdea) * [Nerzal/gocloak Golang Keycloak API Package](https://github.com/Nerzal/gocloak) * [Apple Social Identity Provider for Keycloak](https://github.com/BenjaminFavre/keycloak-apple-social-identity-provider) ## Quick demo Videos * [Keycloak with istio envoy jwt-auth proxy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wscX7JMfuBI) ## Themes * [Community Keycloak Ionic Theme](https://github.com/lfryc/keycloak-ionic-theme) * [A Keycloak theme based on the AdminLTE UI library](https://github.com/MAXIMUS-DeltaWare/adminlte-keycloak-theme) * [GOV.UK Theme](https://github.com/UKHomeOffice/keycloak-theme-govuk) * [Carbon Design](https://github.com/httpsOmkar/carbon-keycloak-theme) * [Modern](https://keycloakthemes.com/themes/modern) * [Adminlte](https://git.uptic.nl/uptic-public-projects/uptic-keyclock-theme-adminlte) * [keycloakify: Create Keycloak themes using React](https://github.com/InseeFrLab/keycloakify) ## Docker * [Official Keycloak Docker Images](https://github.com/jboss-dockerfiles/keycloak) * [Keycloak Examples as Docker Image](https://hub.docker.com/r/jboss/keycloak-examples) * [Keycloak Maven SDK for managing the entire lifecycle of your extensions with Docker](https://github.com/OpenPj/keycloak-docker-quickstart) ## Kubernetes * [Deprecated Keycloak Helm Chart](https://github.com/codecentric/helm-charts/tree/master/charts/keycloak) * [codecentric Keycloak Helm Chart](https://github.com/codecentric/helm-charts/tree/master/charts/keycloak) * [Import / Export Keycloak Config](https://gist.github.com/unguiculus/19618ef57b1863145262191944565c9d) * [keycloak-operator](https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak-operator) ## Tools * [keycloakmigration: Manage your Keycloak configuration with code](https://github.com/klg71/keycloakmigration) * [tool to autogenerate an OpenAPI Specification for Keycloak's Admin API](https://github.com/ccouzens/keycloak-openapi) * [oidc-bash-client](https://github.com/please-openit/oidc-bash-client) * [louketo-proxy (FKA Gatekeeper)](https://github.com/louketo/louketo-proxy) * [keycloak-config-cli: Configuration as Code for Keycloak](https://github.com/adorsys/keycloak-config-cli) * [Keycloak Pulumi](https://github.com/pulumi/pulumi-keycloak) * [Keycloak on AWS](https://github.com/aws-samples/keycloak-on-aws) * [aws-cdk construct library that allows you to create KeyCloak on AWS in TypeScript or Python](https://github.com/aws-samples/cdk-keycloak) * [keycloak-scanner Python CLI](https://github.com/NeuronAddict/keycloak-scanner) ## Deployment Examples * [Keycloak deployment with CDK on AWS with Fargate](https://github.com/aws-samples/cdk-keycloak) ## Example Projects * [Examples from Keycloak Book: Keycloak - Identity and Access Management for Modern Applications](https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Keycloak-Identity-and-Access-Management-for-Modern-Applications) * [Official Examples](https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak/tree/master/examples) * [Keycloak Quickstarts](https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak-quickstarts) * [Drupal 7.0 with Keycloak](https://gist.github.com/thomasdarimont/17fa146c4fb5440d7fc2ee6322ec392d) * [Securing Realm Resources With Custom Roles](https://github.com/dteleguin/custom-admin-roles) * [BeerCloak: a comprehensive KeyCloak extension example](https://github.com/dteleguin/beercloak) * [KeyCloak Extensions: Securing Realm Resources With Custom Roles](https://github.com/dteleguin/custom-admin-roles) * [Red Hat Single Sign-On Labs](https://github.com/RedHatWorkshops/red-hat-sso) * [Spring Boot Keycloak Tutorial](https://github.com/sebastienblanc/spring-boot-keycloak-tutorial) * [Custom Keycloak Docker Image of Computer Science House of RIT](https://github.com/ComputerScienceHouse/keycloak-docker) * [Example of custom password hash SPI for Keycloak](https://github.com/pavelbogomolenko/keycloak-custom-password-hash) * [Example for a custom http-client-provider with Proxy support](https://github.com/xiaoyvr/custom-http-client-provider) * [Monitor your keycloak with prometheus](https://github.com/larscheid-schmitzhermes/keycloak-monitoring-prometheus) * [Custom User Storage Provider .ear with jboss-cli setup](https://github.com/thomasdarimont/keycloak-user-storage-provider-demo) * [Keycloak - Experimental extensions by Stian Thorgersen/Keycloak](https://github.com/stianst/keycloak-experimental) * [Securing Spring Boot Admin & Actuator Endpoints with Keycloak](https://github.com/thomasdarimont/spring-boot-admin-keycloak-example) * [A Keycloak Mobile Implementation using Angular v4 and Ionic v3](https://github.com/tomjackman/keyonic-v2) * [Example for Securing Apps with Keycloak on Kubernetes](https://github.com/stianst/demo-kubernetes) * [Example for Securing AspDotNet Core Apps with Keycloak](https://github.com/thomasdarimont/kc-dnc-demo) * [Example for passing custom URL parameters to a Keycloak theme for dynamic branding](https://github.com/dteleguin/keycloak-dynamic-branding) * [Angular Webapp secured with Keycloak](https://github.com/CodepediaOrg/bookmarks.dev) * [Keycloak Theme Development Kit](https://github.com/anthonny/kit-keycloak-theme) * [Keycloak Clustering examples](https://github.com/ivangfr/keycloak-clustered) * [Keycloak Last Login Date Event Listener](https://github.com/ThoreKr/keycloak-last-login-event-listener) * [Keycloak Project Example (Customizations, Extensions, Configuration)](https://github.com/thomasdarimont/keycloak-project-example) * [Example of adding API Key authentication to Keycloak](https://github.com/zak905/keycloak-api-key-demo) ## Benchmarks * [Gatling based Benchmark by @rvansa](https://github.com/rvansa/keycloak-benchmark) ## Help * [Keycloak on Stackoverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/keycloak) ## Commercial Offerings * [Red Hat Single Sign-On](https://access.redhat.com/products/red-hat-single-sign-on) * [INTEGSOFT UNIFIED USER CREDENTIALS WITH KEYCLOAK SSO](https://www.integsoft.cz/en/sso.html#what-is-sso) * [JIRA SSO Plugin by codecentric](https://marketplace.atlassian.com/plugins/de.codecentric.atlassian.oidc.jira-oidc-plugin/server/overview) * [Keycloak Competence Center by Inventage AG](https://keycloak.ch/) * [Keycloak as a Service](https://www.cloud-iam.com) ## Miscellaneous * [Find sites using Keycloak with google](https://www.google.de/search?q=inurl%3Aauth+inurl%3Arealms+inurl%3Aprotocol&oq=inurl%3A&client=ubuntu&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8) * [Keycloak Dev Bookmarks](http://bookmarks.dev/search?q=keycloak) - Use the tag [keycloak](https://www.bookmarks.dev/tagged/keycloak) * [Use fail2ban to block brute-force attacks to keycloak server](https://gist.github.com/drmalex07/3eba8b98d0ac4a1e821e8e721b3e1816) * [Pentest-Report Keycloak 8.0 Audit & Pentest 11.2019 by Cure53](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_keycloak.pdf) * [Keycloak - CNCF Security SIG - Self Assesment](https://docs.google.com/document/d/14IIGliP3BWjdS-0wfOk3l_1AU8kyoSiLUzpPImsz4R0/edit#) # License [](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) To the extent possible under law, [Thomas Darimont](https://github.com/thomasdarimont) has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this work.
tech-beeline / VarpVSCode extension for working with Architecture As A Code in the C4 model. Includes syntax highlighting, diagram preview, and tools for working with IaaC.
Mdshobu / Liberty House Club Whitepaper# Liberty House Club **A Parallel Binance Chain to Enable Smart Contracts** _NOTE: This document is under development. Please check regularly for updates!_ ## Table of Contents - [Motivation](#motivation) - [Design Principles](#design-principles) - [Consensus and Validator Quorum](#consensus-and-validator-quorum) * [Proof of Staked Authority](#proof-of-staked-authority) * [Validator Quorum](#validator-quorum) * [Security and Finality](#security-and-finality) * [Reward](#reward) - [Token Economy](#token-economy) * [Native Token](#native-token) * [Other Tokens](#other-tokens) - [Cross-Chain Transfer and Communication](#cross-chain-transfer-and-communication) * [Cross-Chain Transfer](#cross-chain-transfer) * [BC to BSC Architecture](#bc-to-bsc-architecture) * [BSC to BC Architecture](#bsc-to-bc-architecture) * [Timeout and Error Handling](#timeout-and-error-handling) * [Cross-Chain User Experience](#cross-chain-user-experience) * [Cross-Chain Contract Event](#cross-chain-contract-event) - [Staking and Governance](#staking-and-governance) * [Staking on BC](#staking-on-bc) * [Rewarding](#rewarding) * [Slashing](#slashing) - [Relayers](#relayers) * [BSC Relayers](#bsc-relayers) * [Oracle Relayers](#oracle-relayers) - [Outlook](#outlook) # Motivation After its mainnet community [launch](https://www.binance.com/en/blog/327334696200323072/Binance-DEX-Launches-on-Binance-Chain-Invites-Further-Community-Development) in April 2019, [Binance Chain](https://www.binance.org) has exhibited its high speed and large throughput design. Binance Chain’s primary focus, its native [decentralized application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_application) (“dApp”) [Binance DEX](https://www.binance.org/trade), has demonstrated its low-latency matching with large capacity headroom by handling millions of trading volume in a short time. Flexibility and usability are often in an inverse relationship with performance. The concentration on providing a convenient digital asset issuing and trading venue also brings limitations. Binance Chain's most requested feature is the programmable extendibility, or simply the [Smart Contract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_contract) and Virtual Machine functions. Digital asset issuers and owners struggle to add new decentralized features for their assets or introduce any sort of community governance and activities. Despite this high demand for adding the Smart Contract feature onto Binance Chain, it is a hard decision to make. The execution of a Smart Contract may slow down the exchange function and add non-deterministic factors to trading. If that compromise could be tolerated, it might be a straightforward idea to introduce a new Virtual Machine specification based on [Tendermint](https://tendermint.com/core/), based on the current underlying consensus protocol and major [RPC](https://docs.binance.org/api-reference/node-rpc.html) implementation of Binance Chain. But all these will increase the learning requirements for all existing dApp communities, and will not be very welcomed. We propose a parallel blockchain of the current Binance Chain to retain the high performance of the native DEX blockchain and to support a friendly Smart Contract function at the same time. # Design Principles After the creation of the parallel blockchain into the Binance Chain ecosystem, two blockchains will run side by side to provide different services. The new parallel chain will be called “**Binance Smart Chain**” (short as “**BSC**” for the below sections), while the existing mainnet remains named “**Binance Chain**” (short as “**BC**” for the below sections). Here are the design principles of **BSC**: 1. **Standalone Blockchain**: technically, BSC is a standalone blockchain, instead of a layer-2 solution. Most BSC fundamental technical and business functions should be self-contained so that it can run well even if the BC stopped for a short period. 2. **Ethereum Compatibility**: The first practical and widely-used Smart Contract platform is Ethereum. To take advantage of the relatively mature applications and community, BSC chooses to be compatible with the existing Ethereum mainnet. This means most of the **dApps**, ecosystem components, and toolings will work with BSC and require zero or minimum changes; BSC node will require similar (or a bit higher) hardware specification and skills to run and operate. The implementation should leave room for BSC to catch up with further Ethereum upgrades. 3. **Staking Involved Consensus and Governance**: Staking-based consensus is more environmentally friendly and leaves more flexible option to the community governance. Expectedly, this consensus should enable better network performance over [proof-of-work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_work) blockchain system, i.e., faster blocking time and higher transaction capacity. 4. **Native Cross-Chain Communication**: both BC and BSC will be implemented with native support for cross-chain communication among the two blockchains. The communication protocol should be bi-directional, decentralized, and trustless. It will concentrate on moving digital assets between BC and BSC, i.e., [BEP2](https://github.com/binance-chain/BEPs/blob/master/BEP2.md) tokens, and eventually, other BEP tokens introduced later. The protocol should care for the minimum of other items stored in the state of the blockchains, with only a few exceptions. # Consensus and Validator Quorum Based on the above design principles, the consensus protocol of BSC is to fulfill the following goals: 1. Blocking time should be shorter than Ethereum network, e.g. 5 seconds or even shorter. 2. It requires limited time to confirm the finality of transactions, e.g. around 1-min level or shorter. 3. There is no inflation of native token: BNB, the block reward is collected from transaction fees, and it will be paid in BNB. 4. It is compatible with Ethereum system as much as possible. 5. It allows modern [proof-of-stake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_stake) blockchain network governance. ## Proof of Staked Authority Although Proof-of-Work (PoW) has been recognized as a practical mechanism to implement a decentralized network, it is not friendly to the environment and also requires a large size of participants to maintain the security. Ethereum and some other blockchain networks, such as [MATIC Bor](https://github.com/maticnetwork/bor), [TOMOChain](https://tomochain.com/), [GoChain](https://gochain.io/), [xDAI](https://xdai.io/), do use [Proof-of-Authority(PoA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_authority) or its variants in different scenarios, including both testnet and mainnet. PoA provides some defense to 51% attack, with improved efficiency and tolerance to certain levels of Byzantine players (malicious or hacked). It serves as an easy choice to pick as the fundamentals. Meanwhile, the PoA protocol is most criticized for being not as decentralized as PoW, as the validators, i.e. the nodes that take turns to produce blocks, have all the authorities and are prone to corruption and security attacks. Other blockchains, such as EOS and Lisk both, introduce different types of [Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)](https://en.bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/DPoS) to allow the token holders to vote and elect the validator set. It increases the decentralization and favors community governance. BSC here proposes to combine DPoS and PoA for consensus, so that: 1. Blocks are produced by a limited set of validators 2. Validators take turns to produce blocks in a PoA manner, similar to [Ethereum’s Clique](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-225) consensus design 3. Validator set are elected in and out based on a staking based governance ## Validator Quorum In the genesis stage, a few trusted nodes will run as the initial Validator Set. After the blocking starts, anyone can compete to join as candidates to elect as a validator. The staking status decides the top 21 most staked nodes to be the next validator set, and such an election will repeat every 24 hours. **BNB** is the token used to stake for BSC. In order to remain as compatible as Ethereum and upgradeable to future consensus protocols to be developed, BSC chooses to rely on the **BC** for staking management (Please refer to the below “[Staking and Governance](#staking-and-governance)” section). There is a **dedicated staking module for BSC on BC**. It will accept BSC staking from BNB holders and calculate the highest staked node set. Upon every UTC midnight, BC will issue a verifiable `ValidatorSetUpdate` cross-chain message to notify BSC to update its validator set. While producing further blocks, the existing BSC validators check whether there is a `ValidatorSetUpdate` message relayed onto BSC periodically. If there is, they will update the validator set after an **epoch period**, i.e. a predefined number of blocking time. For example, if BSC produces a block every 5 seconds, and the epoch period is 240 blocks, then the current validator set will check and update the validator set for the next epoch in 1200 seconds (20 minutes). ## Security and Finality Given there are more than ½\*N+1 validators are honest, PoA based networks usually work securely and properly. However, there are still cases where certain amount Byzantine validators may still manage to attack the network, e.g. through the “[Clone Attack](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.10244.pdf)”. To secure as much as BC, BSC users are encouraged to wait until receiving blocks sealed by more than ⅔\*N+1 different validators. In that way, the BSC can be trusted at a similar security level to BC and can tolerate less than ⅓\*N Byzantine validators. With 21 validators, if the block time is 5 seconds, the ⅔\*N+1 different validator seals will need a time period of (⅔\*21+1)*5 = 75 seconds. Any critical applications for BSC may have to wait for ⅔\*N+1 to ensure a relatively secure finality. However, besides such arrangement, BSC does introduce **Slashing** logic to penalize Byzantine validators for **double signing** or **inavailability**, which will be covered in the “Staking and Governance” section later. This Slashing logic will expose the malicious validators in a very short time and make the “Clone Attack” very hard or extremely non-beneficial to execute. With this enhancement, ½\*N+1 or even fewer blocks are enough as confirmation for most transactions. ## Reward All the BSC validators in the current validator set will be rewarded with transaction **fees in BNB**. As BNB is not an inflationary token, there will be no mining rewards as what Bitcoin and Ethereum network generate, and the gas fee is the major reward for validators. As BNB is also utility tokens with other use cases, delegators and validators will still enjoy other benefits of holding BNB. The reward for validators is the fees collected from transactions in each block. Validators can decide how much to give back to the delegators who stake their BNB to them, in order to attract more staking. Every validator will take turns to produce the blocks in the same probability (if they stick to 100% liveness), thus, in the long run, all the stable validators may get a similar size of the reward. Meanwhile, the stakes on each validator may be different, so this brings a counter-intuitive situation that more users trust and delegate to one validator, they potentially get less reward. So rational delegators will tend to delegate to the one with fewer stakes as long as the validator is still trustful (insecure validator may bring slashable risk). In the end, the stakes on all the validators will have less variation. This will actually prevent the stake concentration and “winner wins forever” problem seen on some other networks. Some parts of the gas fee will also be rewarded to relayers for Cross-Chain communication. Please refer to the “[Relayers](#relayers)” section below. # Token Economy BC and BSC share the same token universe for BNB and BEP2 tokens. This defines: 1. The same token can circulate on both networks, and flow between them bi-directionally via a cross-chain communication mechanism. 2. The total circulation of the same token should be managed across the two networks, i.e. the total effective supply of a token should be the sum of the token’s total effective supply on both BSC and BC. 3. The tokens can be initially created on BSC in a similar format as ERC20 token standard, or on BC as a BEP2, then created on the other. There are native ways on both networks to link the two and secure the total supply of the token. ## Native Token BNB will run on BSC in the same way as ETH runs on Ethereum so that it remains as “native token” for both BSC and BC. This means, in addition to BNB is used to pay most of the fees on Binance Chain and Binance DEX, BNB will be also used to: 1. pay “fees“ to deploy smart contracts on BSC 2. stake on selected BSC validators, and get corresponding rewards 3. perform cross-chain operations, such as transfer token assets across BC and BSC ### Seed Fund Certain amounts of BNB will be burnt on BC and minted on BSC during its genesis stage. This amount is called “Seed Fund” to circulate on BSC after the first block, which will be dispatched to the initial BC-to-BSC Relayer(described in later sections) and initial validator set introduced at genesis. These BNBs are used to pay transaction fees in the early stage to transfer more BNB from BC onto BSC via the cross-chain mechanism. The BNB cross-chain transfer is discussed in a later section, but for BC to BSC transfer, it is generally to lock BNB on BC from the source address of the transfer to a system-controlled address and unlock the corresponding amount from special contract to the target address of the transfer on BSC, or reversely, when transferring from BSC to BC, it is to lock BNB from the source address on BSC into a special contract and release locked amount on BC from the system address to the target address. The logic is related to native code on BC and a series of smart contracts on BSC. ## Other Tokens BC supports BEP2 tokens and upcoming [BEP8 tokens](https://github.com/binance-chain/BEPs/pull/69), which are native assets transferrable and tradable (if listed) via fast transactions and sub-second finality. Meanwhile, as BSC is Ethereum compatible, it is natural to support ERC20 tokens on BSC, which here is called “**BEP2E**” (with the real name to be introduced by the future BEPs,it potentially covers BEP8 as well). BEP2E may be “Enhanced” by adding a few more methods to expose more information, such as token denomination, decimal precision definition and the owner address who can decide the Token Binding across the chains. BSC and BC work together to ensure that one token can circulate in both formats with confirmed total supply and be used in different use cases. ### Token Binding BEP2 tokens will be extended to host a new attribute to associate the token with a BSC BEP2E token contract, called “**Binder**”, and this process of association is called “**Token Binding**”. Token Binding can happen at any time after BEP2 and BEP2E are ready. The token owners of either BEP2 or BEP2E don’t need to bother about the Binding, until before they really want to use the tokens on different scenarios. Issuers can either create BEP2 first or BEP2E first, and they can be bound at a later time. Of course, it is encouraged for all the issuers of BEP2 and BEP2E to set the Binding up early after the issuance. A typical procedure to bind the BEP2 and BEP2E will be like the below: 1. Ensure both the BEP2 token and the BEP2E token both exist on each blockchain, with the same total supply. BEP2E should have 3 more methods than typical ERC20 token standard: * symbol(): get token symbol * decimals(): get the number of the token decimal digits * owner(): get **BEP2E contract owner’s address.** This value should be initialized in the BEP2E contract constructor so that the further binding action can verify whether the action is from the BEP2E owner. 2. Decide the initial circulation on both blockchains. Suppose the total supply is *S*, and the expected initial circulating supply on BC is *K*, then the owner should lock S-K tokens to a system controlled address on BC. 3. Equivalently, *K* tokens is locked in the special contract on BSC, which handles major binding functions and is named as **TokenHub**. The issuer of the BEP2E token should lock the *K* amount of that token into TokenHub, resulting in *S-K* tokens to circulate on BSC. Thus the total circulation across 2 blockchains remains as *S*. 4. The issuer of BEP2 token sends the bind transaction on BC. Once the transaction is executed successfully after proper verification: * It transfers *S-K* tokens to a system-controlled address on BC. * A cross-chain bind request package will be created, waiting for Relayers to relay. 5. BSC Relayers will relay the cross-chain bind request package into **TokenHub** on BSC, and the corresponding request and information will be stored into the contract. 6. The contract owner and only the owner can run a special method of TokenHub contract, `ApproveBind`, to verify the binding request to mark it as a success. It will confirm: * the token has not been bound; * the binding is for the proper symbol, with proper total supply and decimal information; * the proper lock are done on both networks; 10. Once the `ApproveBind` method has succeeded, TokenHub will mark the two tokens are bounded and share the same circulation on BSC, and the status will be propagated back to BC. After this final confirmation, the BEP2E contract address and decimals will be written onto the BEP2 token as a new attribute on BC, and the tokens can be transferred across the two blockchains bidirectionally. If the ApproveBind fails, the failure event will also be propagated back to BC to release the locked tokens, and the above steps can be re-tried later. # Cross-Chain Transfer and Communication Cross-chain communication is the key foundation to allow the community to take advantage of the dual chain structure: * users are free to create any tokenization, financial products, and digital assets on BSC or BC as they wish * the items on BSC can be manually and programmingly traded and circulated in a stable, high throughput, lighting fast and friendly environment of BC * users can operate these in one UI and tooling ecosystem. ## Cross-Chain Transfer The cross-chain transfer is the key communication between the two blockchains. Essentially the logic is: 1. the `transfer-out` blockchain will lock the amount from source owner addresses into a system controlled address/contracts; 2. the `transfer-in` blockchain will unlock the amount from the system controlled address/contracts and send it to target addresses. The cross-chain transfer package message should allow the BSC Relayers and BC **Oracle Relayers** to verify: 1. Enough amount of token assets are removed from the source address and locked into a system controlled addresses/contracts on the source blockchain. And this can be confirmed on the target blockchain. 2. Proper amounts of token assets are released from a system controlled addresses/contracts and allocated into target addresses on the target blockchain. If this fails, it can be confirmed on source blockchain, so that the locked token can be released back (may deduct fees). 3. The sum of the total circulation of the token assets across the 2 blockchains are not changed after this transfer action completes, no matter if the transfer succeeds or not.  The architecture of cross-chain communication is as in the above diagram. To accommodate the 2 heteroid systems, communication handling is different in each direction. ## BC to BSC Architecture BC is a Tendermint-based, instant finality blockchain. Validators with at least ⅔\*N+1 of the total voting power will co-sign each block on the chain. So that it is practical to verify the block transactions and even the state value via **Block Header** and **Merkle Proof** verification. This has been researched and implemented as “**Light-Client Protocol**”, which are intensively discussed in [the Ethereum](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Light-client-protocol) community, studied and implemented for [Cosmos inter-chain communication](https://github.com/cosmos/ics/blob/a4173c91560567bdb7cc9abee8e61256fc3725e9/spec/ics-007-tendermint-client/README.md). BC-to-BSC communication will be verified in an “**on-chain light client**” implemented via BSC **Smart Contracts** (some of them may be **“pre-compiled”**). After some transactions and state change happen on BC, if a transaction is defined to trigger cross-chain communication,the Cross-chain “**package**” message will be created and **BSC Relayers** will pass and submit them onto BSC as data into the "build-in system contracts". The build-in system contracts will verify the package and execute the transactions if it passes the verification. The verification will be guaranteed with the below design: 1. BC blocking status will be synced to the light client contracts on BSC from time to time, via block header and pre-commits, for the below information: * block and app hash of BC that are signed by validators * current validatorset, and validator set update 2. the key-value from the blockchain state will be verified based on the Merkle Proof and information from above #1. After confirming the key-value is accurate and trustful, the build-in system contracts will execute the actions corresponding to the cross-chain packages. Some examples of such packages that can be created for BC-to-BSC are: 1. Bind: bind the BEP2 tokens and BEP2E 2. Transfer: transfer tokens after binding, this means the circulation will decrease (be locked) from BC and appear in the target address balance on BSC 3. Error Handling: to handle any timeout/failure event for BSC-to-BC communication 4. Validatorset update of BSC To ensure no duplication, proper message sequence and timely timeout, there is a “Channel” concept introduced on BC to manage any types of the communication. For relayers, please also refer to the below “Relayers” section. ## BSC to BC Architecture BSC uses Proof of Staked Authority consensus protocol, which has a chance to fork and requires confirmation of more blocks. One block only has the signature of one validator, so that it is not easy to rely on one block to verify data from BSC. To take full advantage of validator quorum of BC, an idea similar to many [Bridge ](https://github.com/poanetwork/poa-bridge)or Oracle blockchains is adopted: 1. The cross-chain communication requests from BSC will be submitted and executed onto BSC as transactions. The execution of the transanction wil emit `Events`, and such events can be observed and packaged in certain “**Oracle**” onto BC. Instead of Block Headers, Hash and Merkle Proof, this type of “Oracle” package directly contains the cross-chain information for actions, such as sender, receiver and amount for transfer. 2. To ensure the security of the Oracle, the validators of BC will form anothe quorum of “**Oracle Relayers**”. Each validator of the BC should run a **dedicated process** as the Oracle Relayer. These Oracle Relayers will submit and vote for the cross-chain communication package, like Oracle, onto BC, using the same validator keys. Any package signed by more than ⅔\*N+1 Oracle Relayers’ voting power is as secure as any block signed by ⅔\*N+1 of the same quorum of validators’ voting power. By using the same validator quorum, it saves the light client code on BC and continuous block updates onto BC. Such Oracles also have Oracle IDs and types, to ensure sequencing and proper error handling. ## Timeout and Error Handling There are scenarios that the cross-chain communication fails. For example, the relayed package cannot be executed on BSC due to some coding bug in the contracts. **Timeout and error handling logics are** used in such scenarios. For the recognizable user and system errors or any expected exceptions, the two networks should heal themselves. For example, when BC to BSC transfer fails, BSC will issue a failure event and Oracle Relayers will execute a refund on BC; when BSC to BC transfer fails, BC will issue a refund package for Relayer to relay in order to unlock the fund. However, unexpected error or exception may still happen on any step of the cross-chain communication. In such a case, the Relayers and Oracle Relayers will discover that the corresponding cross-chain channel is stuck in a particular sequence. After a Timeout period, the Relayers and Oracle Relayers can request a “SkipSequence” transaction, the stuck sequence will be marked as “Unexecutable”. A corresponding alerts will be raised, and the community has to discuss how to handle this scenario, e.g. payback via the sponsor of the validators, or event clear the fund during next network upgrade. ## Cross-Chain User Experience Ideally, users expect to use two parallel chains in the same way as they use one single chain. It requires more aggregated transaction types to be added onto the cross-chain communication to enable this, which will add great complexity, tight coupling, and maintenance burden. Here BC and BSC only implement the basic operations to enable the value flow in the initial launch and leave most of the user experience work to client side UI, such as wallets. E.g. a great wallet may allow users to sell a token directly from BSC onto BC’s DEX order book, in a secure way. ## Cross-Chain Contract Event Cross-Chain Contract Event (CCCE) is designed to allow a smart contract to trigger cross-chain transactions, directly through the contract code. This becomes possible based on: 1. Standard system contracts can be provided to serve operations callable by general smart contracts; 2. Standard events can be emitted by the standard contracts; 3. Oracle Relayers can capture the standard events, and trigger the corresponding cross-chain operations; 4. Dedicated, code-managed address (account) can be created on BC and accessed by the contracts on the BSC, here it is named as **“Contract Address on BC” (CAoB)**. Several standard operations are implemented: 1. BSC to BC transfer: this is implemented in the same way as normal BSC to BC transfer, by only triggered via standard contract. The fund can be transferred to any addresses on BC, including the corresponding CAoB of the transfer originating contract. 2. Transfer on BC: this is implemented as a special cross-chain transfer, while the real transfer is from **CAoB** to any other address (even another CAoB). 3. BC to BSC transfer: this is implemented as two-pass cross-chain communication. The first is triggered by the BSC contract and propagated onto BC, and then in the second pass, BC will start a normal BC to BSC cross-chain transfer, from **CAoB** to contract address on BSC. A special note should be paid on that the BSC contract only increases balance upon any transfer coming in on the second pass, and the error handling in the second pass is the same as the normal BC to BSC transfer. 4. IOC (Immediate-Or-Cancel) Trade Out: the primary goal of transferring assets to BC is to trade. This event will instruct to trade a certain amount of an asset in CAoB into another asset as much as possible and transfer out all the results, i.e. the left the source and the traded target tokens of the trade, back to BSC. BC will handle such relayed events by sending an “Immediate-Or-Cancel”, i.e. IOC order onto the trading pairs, once the next matching finishes, the result will be relayed back to BSC, which can be in either one or two assets. 5. Auction Trade Out: Such event will instruct BC to send an auction order to trade a certain amount of an asset in **CAoB** into another asset as much as possible and transfer out all the results back to BSC at the end of the auction. Auction function is upcoming on BC. There are some details for the Trade Out: 1. both can have a limit price (absolute or relative) for the trade; 2. the end result will be written as cross-chain packages to relay back to BSC; 3. cross-chain communication fees may be charged from the asset transferred back to BSC; 4. BSC contract maintains a mirror of the balance and outstanding orders on CAoB. No matter what error happens during the Trade Out, the final status will be propagated back to the originating contract and clear its internal state. With the above features, it simply adds the cross-chain transfer and exchange functions with high liquidity onto all the smart contracts on BSC. It will greatly add the application scenarios on Smart Contract and dApps, and make 1 chain +1 chain > 2 chains. # Staking and Governance Proof of Staked Authority brings in decentralization and community involvement. Its core logic can be summarized as the below. You may see similar ideas from other networks, especially Cosmos and EOS. 1. Token holders, including the validators, can put their tokens “**bonded**” into the stake. Token holders can **delegate** their tokens onto any validator or validator candidate, to expect it can become an actual validator, and later they can choose a different validator or candidate to **re-delegate** their tokens<sup>1</sup>. 2. All validator candidates will be ranked by the number of bonded tokens on them, and the top ones will become the real validators. 3. Validators can share (part of) their blocking reward with their delegators. 4. Validators can suffer from “**Slashing**”, a punishment for their bad behaviors, such as double sign and/or instability. 5. There is an “**unbonding period**” for validators and delegators so that the system makes sure the tokens remain bonded when bad behaviors are caught, the responsible will get slashed during this period. ## Staking on BC Ideally, such staking and reward logic should be built into the blockchain, and automatically executed as the blocking happens. Cosmos Hub, who shares the same Tendermint consensus and libraries with Binance Chain, works in this way. BC has been preparing to enable staking logic since the design days. On the other side, as BSC wants to remain compatible with Ethereum as much as possible, it is a great challenge and efforts to implement such logic on it. This is especially true when Ethereum itself may move into a different Proof of Stake consensus protocol in a short (or longer) time. In order to keep the compatibility and reuse the good foundation of BC, the staking logic of BSC is implemented on BC: 1. The staking token is BNB, as it is a native token on both blockchains anyway 2. The staking, i.e. token bond and delegation actions and records for BSC, happens on BC. 3. The BSC validator set is determined by its staking and delegation logic, via a staking module built on BC for BSC, and propagated every day UTC 00:00 from BC to BSC via Cross-Chain communication. 4. The reward distribution happens on BC around every day UTC 00:00. ## Rewarding Both the validator update and reward distribution happen every day around UTC 00:00. This is to save the cost of frequent staking updates and block reward distribution. This cost can be significant, as the blocking reward is collected on BSC and distributed on BC to BSC validators and delegators. (Please note BC blocking fees will remain rewarding to BC validators only.) A deliberate delay is introduced here to make sure the distribution is fair: 1. The blocking reward will not be sent to validator right away, instead, they will be distributed and accumulated on a contract; 2. Upon receiving the validator set update into BSC, it will trigger a few cross-chain transfers to transfer the reward to custody addresses on the corresponding validators. The custody addresses are owned by the system so that the reward cannot be spent until the promised distribution to delegators happens. 3. In order to make the synchronization simpler and allocate time to accommodate slashing, the reward for N day will be only distributed in N+2 days. After the delegators get the reward, the left will be transferred to validators’ own reward addresses. ## Slashing Slashing is part of the on-chain governance, to ensure the malicious or negative behaviors are punished. BSC slash can be submitted by anyone. The transaction submission requires **slash evidence** and cost fees but also brings a larger reward when it is successful. So far there are two slashable cases. ### Double Sign It is quite a serious error and very likely deliberate offense when a validator signs more than one block with the same height and parent block. The reference protocol implementation should already have logic to prevent this, so only the malicious code can trigger this. When Double Sign happens, the validator should be removed from the Validator **Set** right away. Anyone can submit a slash request on BC with the evidence of Double Sign of BSC, which should contain the 2 block headers with the same height and parent block, sealed by the offending validator. Upon receiving the evidence, if the BC verifies it to be valid: 1. The validator will be removed from validator set by an instance BSC validator set update Cross-Chain update; 2. A predefined amount of BNB would be slashed from the **self-delegated** BNB of the validator; Both validator and its delegators will not receive the staking rewards. 3. Part of the slashed BNB will allocate to the submitter’s address, which is a reward and larger than the cost of submitting slash request transaction 4. The rest of the slashed BNB will allocate to the other validators’ custody addresses, and distributed to all delegators in the same way as blocking reward. ### Inavailability The liveness of BSC relies on everyone in the Proof of Staked Authority validator set can produce blocks timely when it is their turn. Validators can miss their turn due to any reason, especially problems in their hardware, software, configuration or network. This instability of the operation will hurt the performance and introduce more indeterministic into the system. There can be an internal smart contract responsible for recording the missed blocking metrics of each validator. Once the metrics are above the predefined threshold, the blocking reward for validator will not be relayed to BC for distribution but shared with other better validators. In such a way, the poorly-operating validator should be gradually voted out of the validator set as their delegators will receive less or none reward. If the metrics remain above another higher level of threshold, the validator will be dropped from the rotation, and this will be propagated back to BC, then a predefined amount of BNB would be slashed from the **self-delegated** BNB of the validator. Both validators and delegators will not receive their staking rewards. ### Governance Parameters There are many system parameters to control the behavior of the BSC, e.g. slash amount, cross-chain transfer fees. All these parameters will be determined by BSC Validator Set together through a proposal-vote process based on their staking. Such the process will be carried on BC, and the new parameter values will be picked up by corresponding system contracts via a cross-chain communication. # Relayers Relayers are responsible to submit Cross-Chain Communication Packages between the two blockchains. Due to the heterogeneous parallel chain structure, two different types of Relayers are created. ## BSC Relayers Relayers for BC to BSC communication referred to as “**BSC Relayers**”, or just simply “Relayers”. Relayer is a standalone process that can be run by anyone, and anywhere, except that Relayers must register themselves onto BSC and deposit a certain refundable amount of BNB. Only relaying requests from the registered Relayers will be accepted by BSC. The package they relay will be verified by the on-chain light client on BSC. The successful relay needs to pass enough verification and costs gas fees on BSC, and thus there should be incentive reward to encourage the community to run Relayers. ### Incentives There are two major communication types: 1. Users triggered Operations, such as `token bind` or `cross chain transfer`. Users must pay additional fee to as relayer reward. The reward will be shared with the relayers who sync the referenced blockchain headers. Besides, the reward won't be paid the relayers' accounts directly. A reward distribution mechanism will be brought in to avoid monopolization. 2. System Synchronization, such as delivering `refund package`(caused by failures of most oracle relayers), special blockchain header synchronization(header contains BC validatorset update), BSC staking package. System reward contract will pay reward to relayers' accounts directly. If some Relayers have faster networks and better hardware, they can monopolize all the package relaying and leave no reward to others. Thus fewer participants will join for relaying, which encourages centralization and harms the efficiency and security of the network. Ideally, due to the decentralization and dynamic re-election of BSC validators, one Relayer can hardly be always the first to relay every message. But in order to avoid the monopolization further, the rewarding economy is also specially designed to minimize such chance: 1. The reward for Relayers will be only distributed in batches, and one batch will cover a number of successful relayed packages. 2. The reward a Relayer can get from a batch distribution is not linearly in proportion to their number of successful relayed packages. Instead, except the first a few relays, the more a Relayer relays during a batch period, the less reward it will collect. ## Oracle Relayers Relayers for BSC to BC communication are using the “Oracle” model, and so-called “**Oracle Relayers**”. Each of the validators must, and only the ones of the validator set, run Oracle Relayers. Each Oracle Relayer watches the blockchain state change. Once it catches Cross-Chain Communication Packages, it will submit to vote for the requests. After Oracle Relayers from ⅔ of the voting power of BC validators vote for the changes, the cross-chain actions will be performed. Oracle Replayers should wait for enough blocks to confirm the finality on BSC before submitting and voting for the cross-chain communication packages onto BC. The cross-chain fees will be distributed to BC validators together with the normal BC blocking rewards. Such oracle type relaying depends on all the validators to support. As all the votes for the cross-chain communication packages are recorded on the blockchain, it is not hard to have a metric system to assess the performance of the Oracle Relayers. The poorest performer may have their rewards clawed back via another Slashing logic introduced in the future. # Outlook It is hard to conclude for Binance Chain, as it has never stopped evolving. The dual-chain strategy is to open the gate for users to take advantage of the fast transferring and trading on one side, and flexible and extendable programming on the other side, but it will be one stop along the development of Binance Chain. Here below are the topics to look into so as to facilitate the community better for more usability and extensibility: 1. Add different digital asset model for different business use cases 2. Enable more data feed, especially DEX market data, to be communicated from Binance DEX to BSC 3. Provide interface and compatibility to integrate with Ethereum, including its further upgrade, and other blockchain 4. Improve client side experience to manage wallets and use blockchain more conveniently ------ [1]: BNB business practitioners may provide other benefits for BNB delegators, as they do now for long term BNB holders.
Joncik91 / UcaiA Claude Code plugin that solves the same problems as community frameworks (GSD, BMAD, Ralph, Agent OS) — but using the tool's native architecture instead of fighting it.
ChronalLabs / ChronOSChronalLabs is an open-source civic-technology initiative focused on building practical, scalable tools that solve real-world public challenges. This repository serves as the central coordination hub for our Google Summer of Code (GSoC) project ideas, contributor guidelines, architectural discussions, and long-term civic-tech roadmap.
N30nHaCkZ / LinuxLinux kernel release 3.x <http://kernel.org/> These are the release notes for Linux version 3. Read them carefully, as they tell you what this is all about, explain how to install the kernel, and what to do if something goes wrong. WHAT IS LINUX? Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance. It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management, and multistack networking including IPv4 and IPv6. It is distributed under the GNU General Public License - see the accompanying COPYING file for more details. ON WHAT HARDWARE DOES IT RUN? Although originally developed first for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher), today Linux also runs on (at least) the Compaq Alpha AXP, Sun SPARC and UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, Cell, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC VAX, AMD x86-64, AXIS CRIS, Xtensa, Tilera TILE, AVR32 and Renesas M32R architectures. Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the GNU C compiler (gcc) (part of The GNU Compiler Collection, GCC). Linux has also been ported to a number of architectures without a PMMU, although functionality is then obviously somewhat limited. Linux has also been ported to itself. You can now run the kernel as a userspace application - this is called UserMode Linux (UML). DOCUMENTATION: - There is a lot of documentation available both in electronic form on the Internet and in books, both Linux-specific and pertaining to general UNIX questions. I'd recommend looking into the documentation subdirectories on any Linux FTP site for the LDP (Linux Documentation Project) books. This README is not meant to be documentation on the system: there are much better sources available. - There are various README files in the Documentation/ subdirectory: these typically contain kernel-specific installation notes for some drivers for example. See Documentation/00-INDEX for a list of what is contained in each file. Please read the Changes file, as it contains information about the problems, which may result by upgrading your kernel. - The Documentation/DocBook/ subdirectory contains several guides for kernel developers and users. These guides can be rendered in a number of formats: PostScript (.ps), PDF, HTML, & man-pages, among others. After installation, "make psdocs", "make pdfdocs", "make htmldocs", or "make mandocs" will render the documentation in the requested format. INSTALLING the kernel source: - If you install the full sources, put the kernel tarball in a directory where you have permissions (eg. your home directory) and unpack it: gzip -cd linux-3.X.tar.gz | tar xvf - or bzip2 -dc linux-3.X.tar.bz2 | tar xvf - Replace "X" with the version number of the latest kernel. Do NOT use the /usr/src/linux area! This area has a (usually incomplete) set of kernel headers that are used by the library header files. They should match the library, and not get messed up by whatever the kernel-du-jour happens to be. - You can also upgrade between 3.x releases by patching. Patches are distributed in the traditional gzip and the newer bzip2 format. To install by patching, get all the newer patch files, enter the top level directory of the kernel source (linux-3.X) and execute: gzip -cd ../patch-3.x.gz | patch -p1 or bzip2 -dc ../patch-3.x.bz2 | patch -p1 Replace "x" for all versions bigger than the version "X" of your current source tree, _in_order_, and you should be ok. You may want to remove the backup files (some-file-name~ or some-file-name.orig), and make sure that there are no failed patches (some-file-name# or some-file-name.rej). If there are, either you or I have made a mistake. Unlike patches for the 3.x kernels, patches for the 3.x.y kernels (also known as the -stable kernels) are not incremental but instead apply directly to the base 3.x kernel. For example, if your base kernel is 3.0 and you want to apply the 3.0.3 patch, you must not first apply the 3.0.1 and 3.0.2 patches. Similarly, if you are running kernel version 3.0.2 and want to jump to 3.0.3, you must first reverse the 3.0.2 patch (that is, patch -R) _before_ applying the 3.0.3 patch. You can read more on this in Documentation/applying-patches.txt Alternatively, the script patch-kernel can be used to automate this process. It determines the current kernel version and applies any patches found. linux/scripts/patch-kernel linux The first argument in the command above is the location of the kernel source. Patches are applied from the current directory, but an alternative directory can be specified as the second argument. - Make sure you have no stale .o files and dependencies lying around: cd linux make mrproper You should now have the sources correctly installed. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Compiling and running the 3.x kernels requires up-to-date versions of various software packages. Consult Documentation/Changes for the minimum version numbers required and how to get updates for these packages. Beware that using excessively old versions of these packages can cause indirect errors that are very difficult to track down, so don't assume that you can just update packages when obvious problems arise during build or operation. BUILD directory for the kernel: When compiling the kernel, all output files will per default be stored together with the kernel source code. Using the option "make O=output/dir" allow you to specify an alternate place for the output files (including .config). Example: kernel source code: /usr/src/linux-3.X build directory: /home/name/build/kernel To configure and build the kernel, use: cd /usr/src/linux-3.X make O=/home/name/build/kernel menuconfig make O=/home/name/build/kernel sudo make O=/home/name/build/kernel modules_install install Please note: If the 'O=output/dir' option is used, then it must be used for all invocations of make. CONFIGURING the kernel: Do not skip this step even if you are only upgrading one minor version. New configuration options are added in each release, and odd problems will turn up if the configuration files are not set up as expected. If you want to carry your existing configuration to a new version with minimal work, use "make oldconfig", which will only ask you for the answers to new questions. - Alternative configuration commands are: "make config" Plain text interface. "make menuconfig" Text based color menus, radiolists & dialogs. "make nconfig" Enhanced text based color menus. "make xconfig" X windows (Qt) based configuration tool. "make gconfig" X windows (Gtk) based configuration tool. "make oldconfig" Default all questions based on the contents of your existing ./.config file and asking about new config symbols. "make silentoldconfig" Like above, but avoids cluttering the screen with questions already answered. Additionally updates the dependencies. "make olddefconfig" Like above, but sets new symbols to their default values without prompting. "make defconfig" Create a ./.config file by using the default symbol values from either arch/$ARCH/defconfig or arch/$ARCH/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig, depending on the architecture. "make ${PLATFORM}_defconfig" Create a ./.config file by using the default symbol values from arch/$ARCH/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig. Use "make help" to get a list of all available platforms of your architecture. "make allyesconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol values to 'y' as much as possible. "make allmodconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol values to 'm' as much as possible. "make allnoconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol values to 'n' as much as possible. "make randconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol values to random values. "make localmodconfig" Create a config based on current config and loaded modules (lsmod). Disables any module option that is not needed for the loaded modules. To create a localmodconfig for another machine, store the lsmod of that machine into a file and pass it in as a LSMOD parameter. target$ lsmod > /tmp/mylsmod target$ scp /tmp/mylsmod host:/tmp host$ make LSMOD=/tmp/mylsmod localmodconfig The above also works when cross compiling. "make localyesconfig" Similar to localmodconfig, except it will convert all module options to built in (=y) options. You can find more information on using the Linux kernel config tools in Documentation/kbuild/kconfig.txt. - NOTES on "make config": - Having unnecessary drivers will make the kernel bigger, and can under some circumstances lead to problems: probing for a nonexistent controller card may confuse your other controllers - Compiling the kernel with "Processor type" set higher than 386 will result in a kernel that does NOT work on a 386. The kernel will detect this on bootup, and give up. - A kernel with math-emulation compiled in will still use the coprocessor if one is present: the math emulation will just never get used in that case. The kernel will be slightly larger, but will work on different machines regardless of whether they have a math coprocessor or not. - The "kernel hacking" configuration details usually result in a bigger or slower kernel (or both), and can even make the kernel less stable by configuring some routines to actively try to break bad code to find kernel problems (kmalloc()). Thus you should probably answer 'n' to the questions for "development", "experimental", or "debugging" features. COMPILING the kernel: - Make sure you have at least gcc 3.2 available. For more information, refer to Documentation/Changes. Please note that you can still run a.out user programs with this kernel. - Do a "make" to create a compressed kernel image. It is also possible to do "make install" if you have lilo installed to suit the kernel makefiles, but you may want to check your particular lilo setup first. To do the actual install, you have to be root, but none of the normal build should require that. Don't take the name of root in vain. - If you configured any of the parts of the kernel as `modules', you will also have to do "make modules_install". - Verbose kernel compile/build output: Normally, the kernel build system runs in a fairly quiet mode (but not totally silent). However, sometimes you or other kernel developers need to see compile, link, or other commands exactly as they are executed. For this, use "verbose" build mode. This is done by inserting "V=1" in the "make" command. E.g.: make V=1 all To have the build system also tell the reason for the rebuild of each target, use "V=2". The default is "V=0". - Keep a backup kernel handy in case something goes wrong. This is especially true for the development releases, since each new release contains new code which has not been debugged. Make sure you keep a backup of the modules corresponding to that kernel, as well. If you are installing a new kernel with the same version number as your working kernel, make a backup of your modules directory before you do a "make modules_install". Alternatively, before compiling, use the kernel config option "LOCALVERSION" to append a unique suffix to the regular kernel version. LOCALVERSION can be set in the "General Setup" menu. - In order to boot your new kernel, you'll need to copy the kernel image (e.g. .../linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage after compilation) to the place where your regular bootable kernel is found. - Booting a kernel directly from a floppy without the assistance of a bootloader such as LILO, is no longer supported. If you boot Linux from the hard drive, chances are you use LILO, which uses the kernel image as specified in the file /etc/lilo.conf. The kernel image file is usually /vmlinuz, /boot/vmlinuz, /bzImage or /boot/bzImage. To use the new kernel, save a copy of the old image and copy the new image over the old one. Then, you MUST RERUN LILO to update the loading map!! If you don't, you won't be able to boot the new kernel image. Reinstalling LILO is usually a matter of running /sbin/lilo. You may wish to edit /etc/lilo.conf to specify an entry for your old kernel image (say, /vmlinux.old) in case the new one does not work. See the LILO docs for more information. After reinstalling LILO, you should be all set. Shutdown the system, reboot, and enjoy! If you ever need to change the default root device, video mode, ramdisk size, etc. in the kernel image, use the 'rdev' program (or alternatively the LILO boot options when appropriate). No need to recompile the kernel to change these parameters. - Reboot with the new kernel and enjoy. IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG: - If you have problems that seem to be due to kernel bugs, please check the file MAINTAINERS to see if there is a particular person associated with the part of the kernel that you are having trouble with. If there isn't anyone listed there, then the second best thing is to mail them to me (torvalds@linux-foundation.org), and possibly to any other relevant mailing-list or to the newsgroup. - In all bug-reports, *please* tell what kernel you are talking about, how to duplicate the problem, and what your setup is (use your common sense). If the problem is new, tell me so, and if the problem is old, please try to tell me when you first noticed it. - If the bug results in a message like unable to handle kernel paging request at address C0000010 Oops: 0002 EIP: 0010:XXXXXXXX eax: xxxxxxxx ebx: xxxxxxxx ecx: xxxxxxxx edx: xxxxxxxx esi: xxxxxxxx edi: xxxxxxxx ebp: xxxxxxxx ds: xxxx es: xxxx fs: xxxx gs: xxxx Pid: xx, process nr: xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx or similar kernel debugging information on your screen or in your system log, please duplicate it *exactly*. The dump may look incomprehensible to you, but it does contain information that may help debugging the problem. The text above the dump is also important: it tells something about why the kernel dumped code (in the above example, it's due to a bad kernel pointer). More information on making sense of the dump is in Documentation/oops-tracing.txt - If you compiled the kernel with CONFIG_KALLSYMS you can send the dump as is, otherwise you will have to use the "ksymoops" program to make sense of the dump (but compiling with CONFIG_KALLSYMS is usually preferred). This utility can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.<country>.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/ . Alternatively, you can do the dump lookup by hand: - In debugging dumps like the above, it helps enormously if you can look up what the EIP value means. The hex value as such doesn't help me or anybody else very much: it will depend on your particular kernel setup. What you should do is take the hex value from the EIP line (ignore the "0010:"), and look it up in the kernel namelist to see which kernel function contains the offending address. To find out the kernel function name, you'll need to find the system binary associated with the kernel that exhibited the symptom. This is the file 'linux/vmlinux'. To extract the namelist and match it against the EIP from the kernel crash, do: nm vmlinux | sort | less This will give you a list of kernel addresses sorted in ascending order, from which it is simple to find the function that contains the offending address. Note that the address given by the kernel debugging messages will not necessarily match exactly with the function addresses (in fact, that is very unlikely), so you can't just 'grep' the list: the list will, however, give you the starting point of each kernel function, so by looking for the function that has a starting address lower than the one you are searching for but is followed by a function with a higher address you will find the one you want. In fact, it may be a good idea to include a bit of "context" in your problem report, giving a few lines around the interesting one. If you for some reason cannot do the above (you have a pre-compiled kernel image or similar), telling me as much about your setup as possible will help. Please read the REPORTING-BUGS document for details. - Alternatively, you can use gdb on a running kernel. (read-only; i.e. you cannot change values or set break points.) To do this, first compile the kernel with -g; edit arch/i386/Makefile appropriately, then do a "make clean". You'll also need to enable CONFIG_PROC_FS (via "make config"). After you've rebooted with the new kernel, do "gdb vmlinux /proc/kcore". You can now use all the usual gdb commands. The command to look up the point where your system crashed is "l *0xXXXXXXXX". (Replace the XXXes with the EIP value.) gdb'ing a non-running kernel currently fails because gdb (wrongly) disregards the starting offset for which the kernel is compiled.
Anjulcodewiz / Pharmacy Management SystemINTRODUCTION: The main aim of the project is the management of the database of the pharmaceutical shop. This project is insight into the design and implementation of a Pharmacy Management System. This is done by creating a database of the available medicines in the shop. The primary aim of pharmacy management system is to improve accuracy and enhance safety and efficiency in the pharmaceutical store. The aim of this project is to develop software for the effective management of a pharmaceutical store. We have developed this software for ensuring effective policing by providing statistics of the drugs in stock. Description on the topic: This program can be used in any pharmaceutical shops having a database to maintain. The software used can generate reports, as per the user’s requirements. The software can print invoices, bills, receipts etc. It can also maintain the record of supplies sent in by the supplier. Here, the admin who are handling the organization will be responsible to manage the record of the employee. Each employee will be given with a separate username and password. Problem Definition: The aim of the project is to create an effective software to help the pharmacist to maintain the records of the medicines, handle user details, generate invoice, check and renew validity and provide a scope of communication between users by using inbuilt messaging system. Pharmacy management system deals with the maintenance of drugs and consumables in the pharmacy unit. This pharmacy management system is user friendly. Objectives -> Primary objective •To gain practical experience by modeling a software based on real world problem. •To understand how to work on Front-end (Java) and Back-end (MySQL) by using server(wamp). -> Secondary objective •To develop an application that deals with the day to day requirement of any pharmacy. •To develop the easy management of the medicines (drugs). •To handle the inventory details like sales details, purchase details and stock expiry and quantity. •To provide competitive advantage to the pharmacy. •To provide details information about the stock on details necessary and help locate it in shop easily. •To make the stock manageable and simplify the use of inventory in the pharmacy. Hardware and software tools: The system services and goals are established by consultation with system user. They are then defined in details and serve as a system specification. System requirement are those on which the system runs. ⚙️ Hardware Requirements: o Computer with either Intel Pentium processor or AMD processor. o 1GB+ DDR RAM o 40GB hard disk drive 💻 Software Requirements: o Windows/ MacOS/ Linux operating system. o JRE and JDK. o MySQL server (WAMP or XAMPP or any) Chapter 2 - DESIGN Database Design is a collection of processes that facilitate the designing, development, implementation and maintenance of enterprise data management systems. It helps produce database systems: o That meet the requirements of the users o Have high performance. Architecture Description The design of a DBMS depends on its architecture. It can be centralized or decentralized or hierarchical. The architecture of a DBMS can be seen as either single tier or multi-tier. ER Diagram image.png Fig 1: ER Diagram An entity–relationship model describes interrelated things of interest in a specific domain of knowledge (Refer Fig 1). It is composed of entity types and specifies relationships that can exist between instances of those entity types. Relational Schema Diagram image_1.png Fig 2: Relational Schema Relational schema is a collection of meta-data. Database schema describes the structure and constraints of data representing in a particular domain (Refer Fig 2). Chapter 3 - IMPLEMENTATION Description on Implementation The goal of this application is to manage the medicines and various function of the pharmacy. List of modules: o Login page o Home page o Company o Purchase o Drugs o Sales o User/Settings o Messaging Chapter 4 - Result and Discussion By using MySQL commands and its database this website Pharmacy management tends to store all the data received from the users including drugs sales details and the profit made by the owners are all in this data base. This website allows the user to generate invoices for sales, check expiry and quantity remaining of the drugs. It also provides user with options to renew validity and add more drugs into the store and update the database accordingly. By using xampp server these database commands are easily initiated into the database and the ER diagram with relational schema diagrams helps us to make the structure of the database faster and it was easier to make them understand the needs of the website. Login Information id :1 password: admin CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE o Detailed information gathering has to be done. Without that the purpose for using the software won’t be satisfied properly. o However, it can give good profits in the long run. o Implementing the software requires change in the business practices. o Efficient organization of all knowledge is the analysis company and easy analysis access and retrieval of information is possible. o In this project we can also include BAR CODE facility using the bar code reader, which will detect the expiry date and the other information about the related medicines. o Company using this software will always be able to plan in future and always be aware of their financial position in the market. o It leads to ease in functioning of business processes. o The project can be made more robust by including biometric verification. o There is also a scope to expand by implementing newer technologies like cloud etcetera.
X-TOOL-S / Crispy Winner# Git Credential Manager [](https://github.com/GitCredentialManager/git-credential-manager/actions/workflows/continuous-integration.yml) --- [Git Credential Manager](https://github.com/GitCredentialManager/git-credential-manager) (GCM) is a secure Git credential helper built on [.NET](https://dotnet.microsoft.com) that runs on Windows, macOS, and Linux. Compared to Git's [built-in credential helpers]((https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Credential-Storage)) (Windows: wincred, macOS: osxkeychain, Linux: gnome-keyring/libsecret) which provides single-factor authentication support working on any HTTP-enabled Git repository, GCM provides multi-factor authentication support for [Azure DevOps](https://dev.azure.com/), Azure DevOps Server (formerly Team Foundation Server), GitHub, Bitbucket, and GitLab. Git Credential Manager (GCM) replaces the .NET Framework-based [Git Credential Manager for Windows](https://github.com/microsoft/Git-Credential-Manager-for-Windows) (GCM), and the Java-based [Git Credential Manager for Mac and Linux](https://github.com/microsoft/Git-Credential-Manager-for-Mac-and-Linux) (Java GCM), providing a consistent authentication experience across all platforms. ## Current status Git Credential Manager is currently available for Windows, macOS, and Linux\*. GCM only works with HTTP(S) remotes; you can still use Git with SSH: - [Azure DevOps SSH](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/repos/git/use-ssh-keys-to-authenticate?view=azure-devops) - [GitHub SSH](https://help.github.com/en/articles/connecting-to-github-with-ssh) - [Bitbucket SSH](https://confluence.atlassian.com/bitbucket/ssh-keys-935365775.html) Feature|Windows|macOS|Linux -|:-:|:-:|:-: Installer/uninstaller|✓|✓|✓\* Secure platform credential storage|✓ [(see more)](docs/credstores.md)|✓ [(see more)](docs/credstores.md)|✓ [(see more)](docs/credstores.md) Multi-factor authentication support for Azure DevOps|✓|✓|✓ Two-factor authentication support for GitHub|✓|✓|✓ Two-factor authentication support for Bitbucket|✓|✓|✓ Two-factor authentication support for GitLab|✓|✓|✓ Windows Integrated Authentication (NTLM/Kerberos) support|✓|_N/A_|_N/A_ Basic HTTP authentication support|✓|✓|✓ Proxy support|✓|✓|✓ `amd64` support|✓|✓|✓ `x86` support|✓|_N/A_|✗ `arm64` support|best effort|via Rosetta 2|best effort, no packages `armhf` support|_N/A_|_N/A_|best effort, no packages (\*) GCM guarantees support for the below Linux distributions. GCM maintainers also monitor and evaluate issues opened against other distributions to determine community interest/engagement and whether an emerging platform should become fully-supported. - Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint - Fedora/CentOS/RHEL - Alpine ## Download and Install ### macOS Homebrew The preferred installation mechanism is using Homebrew; we offer a Cask in our custom Tap. To install, run the following: ```shell brew tap microsoft/git brew install --cask git-credential-manager-core ``` After installing you can stay up-to-date with new releases by running: ```shell brew upgrade git-credential-manager-core ``` #### Git Credential Manager for Mac and Linux (Java-based GCM) If you have an existing installation of the 'Java GCM' on macOS and you have installed this using Homebrew, this installation will be unlinked (`brew unlink git-credential-manager`) when GCM is installed. #### Uninstall To uninstall, run the following: ```shell brew uninstall --cask git-credential-manager-core ``` --- ### macOS Package We also provide a [.pkg installer](https://github.com/GitCredentialManager/git-credential-manager/releases/latest) with each release. To install, double-click the installation package and follow the instructions presented. #### Uninstall To uninstall, run the following: ```shell sudo /usr/local/share/gcm-core/uninstall.sh ``` --- <!-- this explicit anchor should stay stable so that external docs can link here --> <!-- markdownlint-disable-next-line no-inline-html --> <a name="linux-install-instructions"></a> ### Linux #### Experimental: install from source helper script If you would like to help dogfood our new install from source helper script, run the following: 1. To ensure `curl` is installed: ```shell curl --version ``` If `curl` is not installed, please use your distribution's package manager to install it. 1. To download and run the script: ```shell curl -LO https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GitCredentialManager/git-credential-manager/main/src/linux/Packaging.Linux/install-from-source.sh && sh ./install-from-source.sh && git-credential-manager-core configure ``` **Note:** You will be prompted to enter your credentials so that the script can download GCM's dependencies using your distribution's package manager. #### Ubuntu/Debian distributions Download the latest [.deb package](https://github.com/GitCredentialManager/git-credential-manager/releases/latest), and run the following: ```shell sudo dpkg -i <path-to-package> git-credential-manager-core configure ``` **Note:** Although packages were previously offered on certain [Microsoft Ubuntu package feeds](https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/), GCM no longer publishes to these repositories. Please install the Debian package using the above instructions instead. To uninstall: ```shell git-credential-manager-core unconfigure sudo dpkg -r gcmcore ``` #### Other distributions Download the latest [tarball](https://github.com/GitCredentialManager/git-credential-manager/releases/latest), and run the following: ```shell tar -xvf <path-to-tarball> -C /usr/local/bin git-credential-manager-core configure ``` To uninstall: ```shell git-credential-manager-core unconfigure rm $(command -v git-credential-manager-core) ``` **Note:** all Linux distributions [require additional configuration](https://aka.ms/gcm/credstores) to use GCM. --- ### Windows GCM is included with [Git for Windows](https://gitforwindows.org/), and the latest version is included in each new Git for Windows release. This is the preferred way to install GCM on Windows. During installation you will be asked to select a credential helper, with GCM being set as the default.  #### Standalone installation You can also download the [latest installer](https://github.com/GitCredentialManager/git-credential-manager/releases/latest) for Windows to install GCM standalone. **:warning: Important :warning:** Installing GCM as a standalone package on Windows will forcibly override the version of GCM that is bundled with Git for Windows, **even if the version bundled with Git for Windows is a later version**. There are two flavors of standalone installation on Windows: - User (preferred) (`gcmcoreuser-win*`): Does not require administrator rights. Will install only for the current user and updates only the current user's Git configuration. - System (`gcmcore-win*`): Requires administrator rights. Will install for all users on the system and update the system-wide Git configuration. To install, double-click the desired installation package and follow the instructions presented. #### Uninstall (Windows 10) To uninstall, open the Settings app and navigate to the Apps section. Select "Git Credential Manager" and click "Uninstall". #### Uninstall (Windows 7-8.1) To uninstall, open Control Panel and navigate to the Programs and Features screen. Select "Git Credential Manager" and click "Remove". #### Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) Git Credential Manager can be used with the [Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)](https://aka.ms/wsl) to enable secure authentication of your remote Git repositories from inside of WSL. [Please see the GCM on WSL docs](docs/wsl.md) for more information. ## Supported Git versions Git Credential Manager tries to be compatible with the broadest set of Git versions (within reason). However there are some know problematic releases of Git that are not compatible. - Git 1.x The initial major version of Git is not supported or tested with GCM. - Git 2.26.2 This version of Git introduced a breaking change with parsing credential configuration that GCM relies on. This issue was fixed in commit [`12294990`](https://github.com/git/git/commit/12294990c90e043862be9eb7eb22c3784b526340) of the Git project, and released in Git 2.27.0. ## How to use Once it's installed and configured, Git Credential Manager is called implicitly by Git. You don't have to do anything special, and GCM isn't intended to be called directly by the user. For example, when pushing (`git push`) to [Azure DevOps](https://dev.azure.com), [Bitbucket](https://bitbucket.org), or [GitHub](https://github.com), a window will automatically open and walk you through the sign-in process. (This process will look slightly different for each Git host, and even in some cases, whether you've connected to an on-premises or cloud-hosted Git host.) Later Git commands in the same repository will re-use existing credentials or tokens that GCM has stored for as long as they're valid. Read full command line usage [here](docs/usage.md). ### Configuring a proxy See detailed information [here](https://aka.ms/gcm/httpproxy). ## Additional Resources - [Frequently asked questions](docs/faq.md) - [Development and debugging](docs/development.md) - [Command-line usage](docs/usage.md) - [Configuration options](docs/configuration.md) - [Environment variables](docs/environment.md) - [Enterprise configuration](docs/enterprise-config.md) - [Network and HTTP configuration](docs/netconfig.md) - [Credential stores](docs/credstores.md) - [Architectural overview](docs/architecture.md) - [Host provider specification](docs/hostprovider.md) - [Azure Repos OAuth tokens](docs/azrepos-users-and-tokens.md) - [GitLab support](docs/gitlab.md) ## Experimental Features - [Windows broker (experimental)](docs/windows-broker.md) ## Contributing This project welcomes contributions and suggestions. See the [contributing guide](CONTRIBUTING.md) to get started. This project follows [GitHub's Open Source Code of Conduct](CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md). ## License We're [MIT](LICENSE) licensed. When using GitHub logos, please be sure to follow the [GitHub logo guidelines](https://github.com/logos).
sanusanth / C Basic Simple ProgramWhat is C++? C++ is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language. It was created by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs circa 1980. C++ is very similar to C (invented by Dennis Ritchie in the early 1970s). C++ is so compatible with C that it will probably compile over 99% of C programs without changing a line of source code. Though C++ is a lot of well-structured and safer language than C as it OOPs based. Some computer languages are written for a specific purpose. Like, Java was initially devised to control toasters and some other electronics. C was developed for programming OS. Pascal was conceptualized to teach proper programming techniques. But C++ is a general-purpose language. It well deserves the widely acknowledged nickname "Swiss Pocket Knife of Languages." C++ is a cross-platform language that can be used to create high-performance applications. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an extension to the C language. C++ gives programmers a high level of control over system resources and memory. The language was updated 3 major times in 2011, 2014, and 2017 to C++11, C++14, and C++17. About C++ Programming Multi-paradigm Language - C++ supports at least seven different styles of programming. Developers can choose any of the styles. General Purpose Language - You can use C++ to develop games, desktop apps, operating systems, and so on. Speed - Like C programming, the performance of optimized C++ code is exceptional. Object-oriented - C++ allows you to divide complex problems into smaller sets by using objects. Why Learn C++? C++ is used to develop games, desktop apps, operating systems, browsers, and so on because of its performance. After learning C++, it will be much easier to learn other programming languages like Java, Python, etc. C++ helps you to understand the internal architecture of a computer, how computer stores and retrieves information. How to learn C++? C++ tutorial from Programiz - We provide step by step C++ tutorials, examples, and references. Get started with C++. Official C++ documentation - Might be hard to follow and understand for beginners. Visit official C++ documentation. Write a lot of C++ programming code- The only way you can learn programming is by writing a lot of code. Read C++ code- Join Github's open-source projects and read other people's code. C++ best programming language? The answer depends on perspective and requirements. Some tasks can be done in C++, though not very quickly. For example, designing GUI screens for applications. Other languages like Visual Basic, Python have GUI design elements built into them. Therefore, they are better suited for GUI type of task. Some of the scripting languages that provide extra programmability to applications. Such as MS Word and even photoshop tend to be variants of Basic, not C++. C++ is still used widely, and the most famous software have their backbone in C++. This tutorial will help you learn C++ basic and the advanced concepts. Who uses C++? Some of today's most visible used systems have their critical parts written in C++. Examples are Amadeus (airline ticketing) Bloomberg (financial formation), Amazon (Web commerce), Google (Web search) Facebook (social media) Many programming languages depend on C++'s performance and reliability in their implementation. Examples include: Java Virtual Machines JavaScript interpreters (e.g., Google's V8) Browsers (e.g., Internet Explorer, Mozilla's Firefox, Apple's Safari, and Google's Chrome) Application and Web frameworks (e.g., Microsoft's .NET Web services framework). Applications that involve local and wide area networks, user interaction, numeric, graphics, and database access highly depend on C++ language. Why Use C++ C++ is one of the world's most popular programming languages. C++ can be found in today's operating systems, Graphical User Interfaces, and embedded systems. C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs. C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be adapted to multiple platforms. C++ is fun and easy to learn! As C++ is close to C# and Java, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to C++ or vice versa Definition - What does C++ Programming Language mean? C++ is an object oriented computer language created by notable computer scientist Bjorne Stroustrop as part of the evolution of the C family of languages. Some call C++ “C with classes” because it introduces object oriented programming principles, including the use of defined classes, to the C programming language framework. C++ is pronounced "see-plus-plus." C++ Variables Variables are the backbone of any programming language. A variable is merely a way to store some information for later use. We can retrieve this value or data by referring to a "word" that will describe this information. Once declared and defined they may be used many times within the scope in which they were declared. C++ Control Structures When a program runs, the code is read by the compiler line by line (from top to bottom, and for the most part left to right). This is known as "code flow." When the code is being read from top to bottom, it may encounter a point where it needs to make a decision. Based on the decision, the program may jump to a different part of the code. It may even make the compiler re-run a specific piece again, or just skip a bunch of code. You could think of this process like if you were to choose from different courses from Guru99. You decide, click a link and skip a few pages. In the same way, a computer program has a set of strict rules to decide the flow of program execution. C++ Syntax The syntax is a layout of words, expression, and symbols. Well, it's because an email address has its well-defined syntax. You need some combination of letters, numbers, potentially with underscores (_) or periods (.) in between, followed by an at the rate (@) symbol, followed by some website domain (company.com). So, syntax in a programming language is much the same. They are some well-defined set of rules that allow you to create some piece of well-functioning software. But, if you don't abide by the rules of a programming language or syntax, you'll get errors. C++ Tools In the real world, a tool is something (usually a physical object) that helps you to get a certain job done promptly. Well, this holds true with the programming world too. A tool in programming is some piece of software which when used with the code allows you to program faster. There are probably tens of thousands, if not millions of different tools across all the programming languages. Most crucial tool, considered by many, is an IDE, an Integrated Development Environment. An IDE is a software which will make your coding life so much easier. IDEs ensure that your files and folders are organized and give you a nice and clean way to view them. Types of C++ Errors Another way to look at C++ in a practical sense is to start enumerating different kinds of errors that occur as the written code makes its way to final execution. First, there are syntax errors where the code is actually written in an illegible way. This can be a misuse of punctuation, or the misspelling of a function command or anything else that compromises the integrity of the syntax as it is written. Another fundamental type of error is a compiler error that simply tells the programmer the compiler was not able to do its work effectively. As a compiler language, C++ relies on the compiler to make the source code into machine readable code and optimize it in various ways. A third type of error happens after the program has been successfully compiled. Runtime errors are not uncommon in C++ executables. What they represent is some lack of designated resource or non-working command in the executable program. In other words, the syntax is right, and the program was compiled successfully, but as the program is doing its work, it encounters a problem, whether that has to do with interdependencies, operating system requirements or anything else in the general environment in which the program is trying to work. Over time, C++ has remained a very useful language not only in computer programming itself, but in teaching new programmers about how object oriented programming works.
JuanJFarina / PymetricaPymetrica is a Python static analysis tool that computes software engineering metrics such as Cyclomatic Complexity, Halstead Volume, and Maintainability Cost. It analyzes code using the Python AST and provides a CLI for evaluating complexity, maintainability, and architectural stability of Python projects.
sixty-north / Structurizr PythonA Python 3 port of Simon's Brown's Structurizr diagrams-as-code architecture description tool
gaoding-inc / Cocoapods MonorepoA tool for organizing your code as monorepo architecture
ferozer / AMBA AHB2APB Bridge ProtocolThe Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an on-chip bus architecture used to Design high performance embedded microcontrollers and strengthen the reusability of IP core and widely used interconnection standard for system on chip (SOC). AMBA AHB (advanced high performance bus) is the highperformance bus means higher bandwidth or high clock frequency system modules. AMBA APB (advanced peripheral bus) as the name suggest used to connect peripheral to the architecture, peripherals like UART, Timer, keypad, PIO etc. this are part of low performance bus and it is optimized for low power consumption and interface reduced complexity to support peripheral functions. In this the functions of the AHB2APB Bridge to make the signals compatible with the high performance bus i.e. AHB with low performance bus i.e. APB, to do so we have to write the DUT code in Verilog and all other test case code in system Verilog, further have verified all the functions of bridge protocol using QuestaSim tool. The code coverage and functional coverage and functional verification of the Bridge RTL design is 97% covered by using QuestaSim
