MCP Authentication Patterns

Complete guide to authentication methods for MCP servers in Forge projects.

Overview

MCP servers support multiple authentication methods depending on the server type and service requirements. Choose the method that best matches your use case and security requirements.

OAuth (Automatic)

How It Works

The AI CLI automatically handles the complete OAuth 2.0 flow for SSE and HTTP servers:

1. User attempts to use MCP tool
2. CLI detects authentication needed
3. Opens browser for OAuth consent
4. User authorizes in browser
5. Tokens stored securely by the CLI
6. Automatic token refresh

Configuration

{
  "service": {
    "type": "sse",
    "url": "https://mcp.example.com/sse"
  }
}

No additional auth configuration needed! The CLI handles everything.

Supported Services

Known OAuth-enabled MCP servers:

• Asana: https://mcp.asana.com/sse
• GitHub (when available)
• Google services (when available)
• Custom OAuth servers

OAuth Scopes

OAuth scopes are determined by the MCP server. Users see required scopes during the consent flow.

Document required scopes in forge/tech-stack.md:

## Authentication

This project requires the following Asana permissions:
- Read tasks and projects
- Create and update tasks
- Access workspace data

Token Storage

Tokens are stored securely by the CLI:

• Not accessible to projects
• Encrypted at rest
• Automatic refresh
• Cleared on sign-out

Troubleshooting OAuth

Authentication loop:

• Clear cached tokens (sign out and sign in)
• Check OAuth redirect URLs
• Verify server OAuth configuration

Scope issues:

• User may need to re-authorize for new scopes
• Check server documentation for required scopes

Token expiration:

• CLI auto-refreshes
• If refresh fails, prompts re-authentication

Token-Based Authentication

Bearer Tokens

Most common for HTTP and WebSocket servers.

Configuration:

{
  "api": {
    "type": "http",
    "url": "https://api.example.com/mcp",
    "headers": {
      "Authorization": "Bearer ${API_TOKEN}"
    }
  }
}

Environment variable:

export API_TOKEN="your-secret-token-here"

API Keys

Alternative to Bearer tokens, often in custom headers.

Configuration:

{
  "api": {
    "type": "http",
    "url": "https://api.example.com/mcp",
    "headers": {
      "X-API-Key": "${API_KEY}",
      "X-API-Secret": "${API_SECRET}"
    }
  }
}

Custom Headers

Services may use custom authentication headers.

Configuration:

{
  "service": {
    "type": "sse",
    "url": "https://mcp.example.com/sse",
    "headers": {
      "X-Auth-Token": "${AUTH_TOKEN}",
      "X-User-ID": "${USER_ID}",
      "X-Tenant-ID": "${TENANT_ID}"
    }
  }
}

Documenting Token Requirements

Always document in forge/tech-stack.md:

## Setup

### Required Environment Variables

Set these environment variables before using the MCP server:

\`\`\`bash
export API_TOKEN="your-token-here"
export API_SECRET="your-secret-here"
\`\`\`

### Obtaining Tokens

1. Visit https://api.example.com/tokens
2. Create a new API token
3. Copy the token and secret
4. Set environment variables as shown above

### Token Permissions

The API token needs the following permissions:
- Read access to resources
- Write access for creating items
- Delete access (optional, for cleanup operations)
\`\`\`

Environment Variable Authentication (stdio)

Passing Credentials to Server

For stdio servers, pass credentials via environment variables:

{
  "database": {
    "command": "python",
    "args": ["-m", "mcp_server_db"],
    "env": {
      "DATABASE_URL": "${DATABASE_URL}",
      "DB_USER": "${DB_USER}",
      "DB_PASSWORD": "${DB_PASSWORD}"
    }
  }
}

User Environment Variables

# User sets these in their shell
export DATABASE_URL="postgresql://localhost/mydb"
export DB_USER="myuser"
export DB_PASSWORD="mypassword"

Documentation Template

## Database Configuration

Set these environment variables:

\`\`\`bash
export DATABASE_URL="postgresql://host:port/database"
export DB_USER="username"
export DB_PASSWORD="password"
\`\`\`

Or create a \`.env\` file (add to \`.gitignore\`):

\`\`\`
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb
DB_USER=myuser
DB_PASSWORD=mypassword
\`\`\`

Load with: \`source .env\` or \`export $(cat .env | xargs)\`
\`\`\`

Dynamic Headers

Headers Helper Script

For tokens that change or expire, use a helper script:

{
  "api": {
    "type": "sse",
    "url": "https://api.example.com",
    "headersHelper": "./scripts/get-headers.sh"
  }
}

Script (get-headers.sh):

#!/bin/bash
# Generate dynamic authentication headers

# Fetch fresh token
TOKEN=$(get-fresh-token-from-somewhere)

# Output JSON headers
cat <<EOF
{
  "Authorization": "Bearer $TOKEN",
  "X-Timestamp": "$(date -Iseconds)"
}
EOF

Use Cases for Dynamic Headers

• Short-lived tokens that need refresh
• Tokens with HMAC signatures
• Time-based authentication
• Dynamic tenant/workspace selection

Security Best Practices

DO

• Use environment variables for tokens
• Document required variables in forge/tech-stack.md
• Use HTTPS/WSS always
• Implement token rotation
• Store tokens securely (env vars, not files)
• Let OAuth handle authentication when available

DON'T

• Hardcode tokens in configuration
• Commit tokens to git
• Share tokens in documentation
• Use HTTP instead of HTTPS
• Store tokens in project files
• Log tokens or sensitive headers

Multi-Tenancy Patterns

Workspace/Tenant Selection

Via environment variable:

{
  "api": {
    "type": "http",
    "url": "https://api.example.com/mcp",
    "headers": {
      "Authorization": "Bearer ${API_TOKEN}",
      "X-Workspace-ID": "${WORKSPACE_ID}"
    }
  }
}

Via URL:

{
  "api": {
    "type": "http",
    "url": "https://${TENANT_ID}.api.example.com/mcp"
  }
}

Per-User Configuration

Users set their own workspace:

export WORKSPACE_ID="my-workspace-123"
export TENANT_ID="my-company"

Authentication Troubleshooting

Common Issues

401 Unauthorized:

• Check token is set correctly
• Verify token hasn't expired
• Check token has required permissions
• Ensure header format is correct

403 Forbidden:

• Token valid but lacks permissions
• Check scope/permissions
• Verify workspace/tenant ID
• May need admin approval

Token not found:

# Check environment variable is set
echo $API_TOKEN

# If empty, set it
export API_TOKEN="your-token"

Token in wrong format:

// Correct
"Authorization": "Bearer sk-abc123"

// Wrong
"Authorization": "sk-abc123"

Debugging Authentication

Enable debug mode:

claude --debug

Look for:

• Authentication header values (sanitized)
• OAuth flow progress
• Token refresh attempts
• Authentication errors

Test authentication separately:

# Test HTTP endpoint
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_TOKEN" \
     https://api.example.com/mcp/health

# Should return 200 OK

Migration Patterns

From Hardcoded to Environment Variables

Before:

{
  "headers": {
    "Authorization": "Bearer sk-hardcoded-token"
  }
}

After:

{
  "headers": {
    "Authorization": "Bearer ${API_TOKEN}"
  }
}

Migration steps:

1. Add environment variable to forge/tech-stack.md
2. Update configuration to use ${VAR}
3. Test with variable set
4. Remove hardcoded value
5. Commit changes

From Basic Auth to OAuth

Before:

{
  "headers": {
    "Authorization": "Basic ${BASE64_CREDENTIALS}"
  }
}

After:

{
  "type": "sse",
  "url": "https://mcp.example.com/sse"
}

Benefits:

• Better security
• No credential management
• Automatic token refresh
• Scoped permissions

Advanced Authentication

Mutual TLS (mTLS)

Some enterprise services require client certificates.

Not directly supported in MCP configuration.

Workaround: Wrap in stdio server that handles mTLS:

{
  "secure-api": {
    "command": "./scripts/mtls-wrapper",
    "args": ["--cert", "${CLIENT_CERT}", "--key", "${CLIENT_KEY}"],
    "env": {
      "API_URL": "https://secure.example.com"
    }
  }
}

JWT Tokens

Generate JWT tokens dynamically with headers helper:

#!/bin/bash
# generate-jwt.sh

# Generate JWT (using library or API call)
JWT=$(generate-jwt-token)

echo "{\"Authorization\": \"Bearer $JWT\"}"

{
  "headersHelper": "./scripts/generate-jwt.sh"
}

HMAC Signatures

For APIs requiring request signing:

#!/bin/bash
# generate-hmac.sh

TIMESTAMP=$(date -Iseconds)
SIGNATURE=$(echo -n "$TIMESTAMP" | openssl dgst -sha256 -hmac "$SECRET_KEY" | cut -d' ' -f2)

cat <<EOF
{
  "X-Timestamp": "$TIMESTAMP",
  "X-Signature": "$SIGNATURE",
  "X-API-Key": "$API_KEY"
}
EOF

Best Practices Summary

For Project Developers

1. Prefer OAuth when service supports it
2. Use environment variables for tokens
3. Document all required variables in forge/tech-stack.md
4. Provide setup instructions with examples
5. Never commit credentials
6. Use HTTPS/WSS only
7. Test authentication thoroughly

For Project Users

1. Set environment variables before using MCP servers
2. Keep tokens secure and private
3. Rotate tokens regularly
4. Use different tokens for dev/prod
5. Don't commit .env files to git
6. Review OAuth scopes before authorizing

Conclusion

Choose the authentication method that matches your MCP server's requirements:

• OAuth for cloud services (easiest for users)
• Bearer tokens for API services
• Environment variables for stdio servers
• Dynamic headers for complex auth flows

Always prioritize security and provide clear setup documentation for users.