Paper Search MCP

A Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for searching and downloading academic papers from multiple sources. The project follows a free-first strategy: prioritize open and public data sources, support optional API keys when they improve stability or coverage, and keep source-specific connectors extensible for advanced users.

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Table of Contents

• Overview
• Project Principles
• Features
• Source Strategy
• Sci-Hub Notice
• Installation
  • Claude Code (Skill)
  • Method 1 — Smithery
  • Method 2 — uvx
  • Method 3 — uv
  • Method 4 — pip
  • Method 5 — npx
  • Method 6 — Docker
  • Method 7 — Clone & run from source
  • Environment Variables
• Contributing
• Demo
• Star History
• License
• TODO

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Overview

paper-search-mcp is a Python-based tool for searching and downloading academic papers from various platforms. It provides tools for searching papers, downloading PDFs, and extracting text, making it ideal for researchers and AI-driven workflows. It can be used as an MCP server (for Claude Desktop and other MCP clients) or as a Claude Code skill with a CLI interface.

Project Principles

• Free-First: Public and open sources are the default roadmap. Paid or restricted sources are not the core direction of this project.
• Optional API Keys: API keys are supported only when they improve stability, rate limits, or metadata quality. The MCP should still be usable without them whenever possible.
• LLM-Friendly Retrieval: Search results should be standardized, deduplicated, and as complete as possible for downstream LLM workflows.
• Source Transparency: Different sources have different strengths. The MCP should make those tradeoffs explicit instead of pretending every source supports full-text retrieval.

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Features

• Two-Layer Architecture:
  • Layer 1 (Unified Tooling): High-level search_papers for multi-source concurrent search & deduplication, and download_with_fallback relying on publisher open access links with sequential fallbacks.
  • Layer 2 (Platform Connectors): Modular connectors for specific academic platforms (arXiv, PubMed, bioRxiv, Semantic Scholar, etc.) equipped with intelligent DOI extraction via regex text analysis or API fields.
• Multi-Source Support: Search and download papers from arXiv, PubMed, bioRxiv, medRxiv, Google Scholar, IACR ePrint Archive, Semantic Scholar, Crossref, OpenAlex, PubMed Central (PMC), CORE, Europe PMC, dblp, OpenAIRE, CiteSeerX, DOAJ, BASE, Zenodo, HAL, SSRN, Unpaywall (DOI lookup), and optional Sci-Hub workflows.
• Standardized Output: Papers are returned in a consistent dictionary format via the Paper class.
• Free-First Design: Open and public sources are prioritized before any optional commercial or restricted integrations.
• Optional API-Key Enhancement: Sources like Semantic Scholar can work better with a user-provided API key, but are not intended to force paid usage.
• Discovery + Retrieval Workflow: Google Scholar and Crossref can be used for discovery and DOI backfilling, while open repositories and publisher links are used for lawful full-text resolution where available.
• OA-First Fallback Chain: download_with_fallback now follows source-native download → OpenAIRE/CORE/Europe PMC/PMC discovery → Unpaywall DOI resolution → optional Sci-Hub.
• MCP Integration: Compatible with MCP clients for LLM context enhancement.
• Extensible Design: Easily add new academic platforms by extending the academic_platforms module.

Source Strategy

The long-term goal is not to depend on a single search engine, but to combine multiple free and public sources with clear roles:

• Open metadata backbone: Crossref, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, dblp, CiteSeerX, SSRN, Unpaywall (DOI-centric OA metadata).
• Discipline-specific sources: arXiv, PubMed, PubMed Central, Europe PMC, IACR.
• Open-access full-text sources: arXiv, PMC, CORE, OpenAIRE, DOAJ, BASE, Zenodo, HAL, publisher open-access links.
• Discovery and DOI recovery: Google Scholar can be useful for finding titles, versions, and DOI clues when other public metadata sources are incomplete.

Recommended free-first roadmap:

1. Keep current public sources stable.
2. Add OpenAlex as a broad free metadata source.
3. Add PubMed Central and Europe PMC for stronger biomedical full-text access.
4. Add CORE and OpenAIRE for repository-based open-access retrieval.
5. Use Google Scholar mainly as a discovery fallback, not as the primary canonical source.

Platform Capability Matrix

This matrix reflects verified live-integration results from functional and end-to-end regression tests in this repository. Columns show the highest capability level observed under normal conditions.

| Platform | Search | Download | Read | Notes | |---|---|---|---|---| | arXiv | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | Open API; reliable | | PubMed | ✅ | ❌ | ⚠️ info-only | Open API; reliable | | bioRxiv | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | Open API; reliable | | medRxiv | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | Open API; reliable | | Google Scholar | ⚠️ | ❌ | ❌ | Bot-detection active; set PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_GOOGLE_SCHOLAR_PROXY_URL | | IACR | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | Open API; reliable | | Semantic Scholar | ✅ | ✅ (OA) | ✅ (OA) | Works without key (rate-limited); key improves limits; key rejection (403) retried automatically without key | | Crossref | ✅ | ❌ | ⚠️ info-only | Open API; reliable | | OpenAlex | ✅ | ❌ | ⚠️ info-only | Open API; reliable | | PMC | ✅ | ✅ (OA only) | ✅ (OA only) | OA PDFs only; direct download may be blocked by some proxy environments | | CORE | ✅ | ✅ (record-dependent) | ✅ (record-dependent) | Free key recommended; connector retries with backoff and falls back to key-less on 401/403 | | Europe PMC | ✅ | ✅ (OA) | ✅ (OA) | OA PDFs only; direct download may be blocked by some proxy environments | | dblp | ✅ | ❌ | ⚠️ info-only | Open API; reliable | | OpenAIRE | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | Open API; retries 3× with escalating request profiles on transient 403 | | CiteSeerX | ⚠️ | ✅ (record-dependent) | ⚠️ | API endpoint intermittently unavailable / redirects to web archive | | DOAJ | ✅ | ⚠️ (URL-dependent) | ⚠️ (URL-dependent) | PDF availability varies by article; free key raises rate limits | | BASE | ⚠️ | ✅ (record-dependent) | ✅ (record-dependent) | OAI-PMH endpoint requires institutional IP registration; returns empty gracefully otherwise | | Zenodo | ✅ | ✅ (record-dependent) | ✅ (record-dependent) | Open API; reliable | | HAL | ✅ | ✅ (record-dependent) | ✅ (record-dependent) | Open API; reliable | | SSRN | ⚠️ | ⚠️ best-effort | ⚠️ best-effort | 403 bot-detection active; public PDF only | | Unpaywall | ✅ (DOI lookup) | ❌ | ❌ | Requires PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_UNPAYWALL_EMAIL | | Sci-Hub (optional) | ⚠️ fallback-only | ✅ | ❌ | Optional; unstable mirrors; user responsibility | | IEEE Xplore 🔑 | 🚧 skeleton | 🚧 skeleton | 🚧 skeleton | Requires PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_IEEE_API_KEY to activate | | ACM DL 🔑 | 🚧 skeleton | 🚧 skeleton | 🚧 skeleton | Requires PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_ACM_API_KEY to activate |

✅ = reliable in live tests. ⚠️ = works but subject to upstream instability or access restrictions. ❌ = not supported. 🔑 = key required. 🚧 = skeleton only.

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Credential & API Key Requirements

All keys are optional unless noted. Configure them in ~/.config/paper-search-mcp/.env (preferred) or as shell exports.

| Environment Variable | Provider | Required? | How to obtain | |---|---|---|---| | PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_UNPAYWALL_EMAIL | Unpaywall | Yes (Unpaywall disabled without it) | Any valid email; register at unpaywall.org | | PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_CORE_API_KEY | CORE | Recommended | Free at core.ac.uk/services/api | | PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_SEMANTIC_SCHOLAR_API_KEY | Semantic Scholar | Optional | Free at semanticscholar.org — improves rate limits | | PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_GOOGLE_SCHOLAR_PROXY_URL | Google Scholar | Optional | Your HTTP/HTTPS proxy URL — bypasses bot-detection | | PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_DOAJ_API_KEY | DOAJ | Optional | Free at doaj.org — raises hourly rate limit | | PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_ZENODO_ACCESS_TOKEN | Zenodo | Optional | Free at zenodo.org — required for private records | | PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_IEEE_API_KEY | IEEE Xplore | Required to activate | Free at developer.ieee.org | | PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_ACM_API_KEY | ACM DL | Required to activate | See libraries.acm.org/digital-library/acm-open |

All variables follow the PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_<NAME> prefix scheme. Legacy names without the prefix (e.g. CORE_API_KEY, UNPAYWALL_EMAIL) are still supported for backward compatibility.

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Known Upstream Limitations

Some search failures are caused by external provider instability, not by bugs in this project:

| Source | Symptom | Cause | Workaround | |---|---|---|---| | Google Scholar | Returns 0 results / empty HTML | Bot-detection (CAPTCHA) | Set PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_GOOGLE_SCHOLAR_PROXY_URL to a proxy | | Semantic Scholar | 429 rate-limited responses | Anonymous access rate limit | Set PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_SEMANTIC_SCHOLAR_API_KEY; if key is rejected (403) connector automatically retries without key | | CORE | 500 / timeout errors | Unauthenticated rate limiting | Set PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_CORE_API_KEY (free); connector retries with exponential backoff and falls back to key-less on 401/403 | | OpenAIRE | Transient 403 responses | IP-based session rate limiting | Connector retries 3× per profile, escalating: plain session → XML Accept header → raw requests.get with Mozilla UA | | CiteSeerX | 404 via web archive redirect | PSU endpoint intermittently redirects to archive | No workaround; connector returns empty gracefully | | BASE | Search returns 0 results | OAI-PMH endpoint requires institutional IP registration | Register at base-search.net for API access; connector returns empty gracefully otherwise | | SSRN | HTTP 403 | Bot-detection (Cloudflare) | No workaround; connector tries two endpoints and returns a clear message on failure | | PMC / Europe PMC | PDF download ProxyError | Local proxy blocking direct HTTPS PDF download | Disable proxy or use download_with_fallback instead | | Unpaywall | Skipped entirely | UNPAYWALL_EMAIL env var not set | Set PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_UNPAYWALL_EMAIL in ~/.config/paper-search-mcp/.env |

Optional Paid Platform Connectors (Phase 3)

IEEE Xplore and ACM Digital Library connectors are included as opt-in skeletons. They are disabled by default — no API calls are made unless you explicitly configure the corresponding keys.

| Platform | Env Var | Status | |---|---|---| | IEEE Xplore | PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_IEEE_API_KEY | 🚧 skeleton — search registered, download/read raise NotImplementedError | | ACM Digital Library | PAPER_SEARCH_MCP_ACM_API_KEY | 🚧 sk