---

name: "pydicom-medical-imaging" description: "Pure Python DICOM for medical imaging (CT, MRI, X-ray, ultrasound). Read/write DICOM, pixels as NumPy, edit tags, windowing (VOI LUT), PHI anonymization, build DICOM, series→3D volumes. Use histolab for WSI pathology; nibabel for NIfTI." license: MIT

Pydicom Medical Imaging

Overview

Pydicom is a pure Python library for reading, writing, and modifying DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) files. It provides access to DICOM metadata tags and pixel data as NumPy arrays, supporting CT, MRI, X-ray, ultrasound, and other medical imaging modalities. The library handles compressed and uncompressed transfer syntaxes with optional codec plugins.

When to Use

• Reading DICOM files and extracting metadata (patient info, study parameters, imaging settings)
• Extracting pixel data from DICOM images for analysis or visualization
• Converting DICOM images to standard formats (PNG, JPEG, TIFF)
• Anonymizing DICOM files by removing Protected Health Information (PHI)
• Modifying DICOM metadata tags for relabeling or correction
• Creating DICOM files from scratch (e.g., wrapping NumPy arrays as DICOM)
• Processing CT/MRI series into 3D volumetric arrays for reconstruction
• Extracting frames from multi-frame DICOM (cine/video)
• For whole-slide pathology images (SVS, NDPI), use histolab-wsi-processing instead
• For NIfTI neuroimaging volumes (.nii/.nii.gz), use nibabel instead

Prerequisites

• Python packages: pydicom, numpy, pillow
• Optional codecs: pylibjpeg + pylibjpeg-libjpeg (JPEG), pylibjpeg-openjpeg (JPEG 2000), python-gdcm (most formats)
• Data format: DICOM files (.dcm, .ima, or extensionless) per NEMA PS3.10

pip install pydicom numpy pillow

# Optional: compression codec handlers (install as needed)
pip install pylibjpeg pylibjpeg-libjpeg   # JPEG Baseline/Lossless
pip install pylibjpeg-openjpeg             # JPEG 2000
pip install python-gdcm                    # Comprehensive codec support

Quick Start

import pydicom
import numpy as np

# Read a DICOM file
ds = pydicom.dcmread("scan.dcm")

# Access metadata
print(f"Patient: {ds.PatientName}, Modality: {ds.Modality}")
print(f"Size: {ds.Rows}x{ds.Columns}, Bits: {ds.BitsAllocated}")

# Extract pixel data as NumPy array
pixels = ds.pixel_array
print(f"Pixel array shape: {pixels.shape}, dtype: {pixels.dtype}")

# Apply windowing for display (CT/MR)
from pydicom.pixel_data_handlers.util import apply_voi_lut
display = apply_voi_lut(pixels, ds)
print(f"Windowed range: [{display.min()}, {display.max()}]")

Core API

Module 1: Reading and Metadata Access

Read DICOM files and access metadata using attribute names or tag notation.

import pydicom

# Read DICOM file (defer_size delays loading large elements)
ds = pydicom.dcmread("scan.dcm")
ds_lazy = pydicom.dcmread("large.dcm", defer_size="1 KB")

# Access by attribute name (standard DICOM keywords)
print(f"Patient Name: {ds.PatientName}")
print(f"Study Date: {ds.StudyDate}")
print(f"Modality: {ds.Modality}")
print(f"Image Size: {ds.Rows} x {ds.Columns}")

# Access by tag number (group, element)
print(f"Patient ID: {ds[0x0010, 0x0020].value}")

# Safe access with getattr (avoids AttributeError)
slice_thick = getattr(ds, 'SliceThickness', 'N/A')
print(f"Slice Thickness: {slice_thick}")

# Iterate all elements
for elem in ds:
    if elem.VR != 'SQ':  # Skip sequences
        print(f"  {elem.tag} {elem.keyword}: {elem.value}")

# Read DICOM directory (DICOMDIR)
from pydicom.filereader import dcmread

dicomdir = pydicom.dcmread("DICOMDIR")
for record in dicomdir.DirectoryRecordSequence:
    if record.DirectoryRecordType == "IMAGE":
        ref_file = record.ReferencedFileID
        # ref_file is a list of path components
        print(f"Image file: {'/'.join(ref_file)}")

Module 2: Pixel Data Extraction

Extract pixel data as NumPy arrays with support for grayscale, color, windowing, and multi-frame.

import pydicom
import numpy as np
from pydicom.pixel_data_handlers.util import apply_voi_lut, apply_modality_lut

ds = pydicom.dcmread("ct_scan.dcm")

# Basic pixel extraction
pixels = ds.pixel_array  # NumPy ndarray
print(f"Shape: {pixels.shape}, dtype: {pixels.dtype}")

# Apply Modality LUT (rescale to Hounsfield Units for CT)
hu_pixels = apply_modality_lut(pixels, ds)
print(f"HU range: [{hu_pixels.min()}, {hu_pixels.max()}]")

# Apply VOI LUT (windowing for display contrast)
display = apply_voi_lut(hu_pixels, ds)
print(f"Display range: [{display.min()}, {display.max()}]")

# Manual windowing (when VOI LUT metadata is absent)
center, width = 40, 400  # Soft tissue window
lower = center - width / 2
upper = center + width / 2
windowed = np.clip(hu_pixels, lower, upper)
print(f"Manual window [{lower}, {upper}]")

# Color images (ultrasound, photos) — handle YBR color space
import pydicom

ds = pydicom.dcmread("ultrasound.dcm")
pixels = ds.pixel_array
print(f"Color shape: {pixels.shape}")  # (rows, cols, 3)

# Convert YBR to RGB if needed
photo_interp = ds.PhotometricInterpretation
if "YBR" in photo_interp:
    from pydicom.pixel_data_handlers.util import convert_color_space
    rgb = convert_color_space(pixels, photo_interp, "RGB")
    print(f"Converted {photo_interp} -> RGB")

# Multi-frame (cine/video DICOM)
ds_multi = pydicom.dcmread("cine.dcm")
frames = ds_multi.pixel_array  # Shape: (num_frames, rows, cols)
print(f"Frames: {frames.shape[0]}, Frame size: {frames.shape[1:]}")

Module 3: Image Conversion

Convert DICOM pixel data to standard image formats for visualization and export.

import pydicom
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
from pydicom.pixel_data_handlers.util import apply_voi_lut

ds = pydicom.dcmread("scan.dcm")
pixels = ds.pixel_array

# Apply windowing
display = apply_voi_lut(pixels, ds)

# Normalize to 8-bit for standard image formats
if display.dtype != np.uint8:
    dmin, dmax = display.min(), display.max()
    if dmax > dmin:
        normalized = ((display - dmin) / (dmax - dmin) * 255).astype(np.uint8)
    else:
        normalized = np.zeros_like(display, dtype=np.uint8)
else:
    normalized = display

# Save as PNG
img = Image.fromarray(normalized)
img.save("output.png")
print(f"Saved output.png ({img.size[0]}x{img.size[1]})")

# Save as JPEG with quality control
img.save("output.jpg", quality=95)

# Batch conversion: directory of DICOM files to PNG
import pydicom
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
from pathlib import Path
from pydicom.pixel_data_handlers.util import apply_voi_lut

def dicom_to_image(dcm_path, out_path, fmt="PNG"):
    """Convert a single DICOM file to standard image format."""
    ds = pydicom.dcmread(str(dcm_path))
    pixels = apply_voi_lut(ds.pixel_array, ds)
    dmin, dmax = float(pixels.min()), float(pixels.max())
    if dmax > dmin:
        norm = ((pixels - dmin) / (dmax - dmin) * 255).astype(np.uint8)
    else:
        norm = np.zeros_like(pixels, dtype=np.uint8)
    Image.fromarray(norm).save(str(out_path))

dcm_dir = Path("dicom_files/")
out_dir = Path("images/")
out_dir.mkdir(exist_ok=True)

for dcm_file in sorted(dcm_dir.glob("*.dcm")):
    out_file = out_dir / f"{dcm_file.stem}.png"
    dicom_to_image(dcm_file, out_file)
    print(f"Converted: {dcm_file.name} -> {out_file.name}")

Module 4: Metadata Modification and Anonymization

Modify DICOM attributes and remove Protected Health Information for de-identification.

import pydicom
from pydicom.uid import generate_uid

ds = pydicom.dcmread("original.dcm")

# Modify attributes
ds.PatientName = "Anonymous"
ds.PatientID = "ANON001"
ds.InstitutionName = "Research Lab"

# Add new attribute
ds.add_new(0x00081030, 'LO', 'Research Study')  # Study Description

# Delete attribute
if 'PatientBirthDate' in ds:
    del ds.PatientBirthDate

# Generate new UIDs for de-identification
ds.StudyInstanceUID = generate_uid()
ds.SeriesInstanceUID = generate_uid()
ds.SOPInstanceUID = generate_uid()

# Save modified file (preserves original)
ds.save_as("modified.dcm")
print(f"Saved modified.dcm with new UIDs")

# PHI anonymization: remove patient-identifying tags (DICOM PS3.15 Annex E)
import pydicom
from pydicom.uid import generate_uid

PHI_TAGS = [  # Core set — extend per institutional policy
    'PatientName', 'PatientID', 'PatientBirthDate', 'PatientSex',
    'PatientAge', 'PatientWeight', 'PatientAddress',
    'OtherPatientIDs', 'OtherPatientNames',
    'InstitutionName', 'InstitutionAddress',
    'ReferringPhysicianName', 'PerformingPhysicianName',
    'OperatorsName', 'StudyID', 'AccessionNumber',
]

def anonymize_dicom(ds, prefix="ANON"):
    """Remove PHI tags and assign anonymous identifiers."""
    for tag in PHI_TAGS:
        if hasattr(ds, tag): delattr(ds, tag)
    ds.PatientName, ds.PatientID = f"{prefix}_Patient", f"{prefix}_ID"
    ds.StudyInstanceUID = generate_uid()
    ds.SeriesInstanceUID = generate_uid()
    ds.SOPInstanceUID = generate_uid()
    return ds

ds = pydicom.dcmread("patient_scan.dcm")
anonymize_dicom(ds, prefix="STUDY001").save_as("anonymized.dcm")
print("Anonymized: PHI tags removed, UIDs replaced")

Module 5: Writing DICOM from Scratch

Create new DICOM files from NumPy arrays with proper metadata.

import pydicom, numpy as np, datetime
from pydicom.dataset import FileDataset, FileMetaDataset
from pydicom.uid import ExplicitVRLittleEndian, generate_uid

# File meta header
file_meta = FileMetaDataset()
file_meta.MediaStorageSOPClassUID = '1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.2'  # CT Image Storage
file_meta.MediaStorageSOPInstanceUID = generate_uid()
file_meta.TransferSyntaxUID = ExplicitVRLittleEndian

# Dataset with required attributes
ds = FileDataset("new.dcm", {}, file_meta=file_meta, preamble=b"\x00" * 128)
ds.SOPClassUID = file_meta.MediaStorageSOPClassUID
ds.SOPInstanceUID = file_meta.MediaStorageSOPInstanceUID
ds.StudyInstanceUID, ds.SeriesInstanceUID = generate_uid(), generate_uid()
ds.Modality, ds.Manufacturer = 'CT', 'Research'
ds.is_little_endian, ds.is_implicit_VR = True, False
dt = datetime.datetime.now()
ds.ContentDate, ds.ContentTime = dt.strftime('%Y%m%d'), dt.strftime('%H%M%S.%f')

# Pixel data from NumPy array
pixels = np.random.randint(0, 4096, (512, 512), dtype=np.uint16)
ds.Rows, ds.Columns = pixels.shape
ds.BitsAllocated, ds.BitsStored, ds.HighBit = 16, 12, 11
ds.PixelRepresentation = 0  # Unsigned
ds.SamplesPerPixel, ds.PhotometricInterpretation = 1, 'MONOCHROME2'
ds.PixelData = pixels.tobytes()

ds.save_as("new.dcm")
print(f"Created DICOM: {ds.Rows}x{ds.Columns}, {ds.BitsStored}-bit")

Module 6: Series Processing and 3D Volumes

Load a DICOM series, sort by spatial position, and stack into a 3D NumPy array.

import pydicom
import numpy as np
from pathlib import Path

def load_dicom_series(series_dir):
    """Load and sort a DICOM series by slice position."""
    dcm_files = []
    for f in Path(series_dir).iterdir():
        try:
            ds = pydicom.dcmread(str(f))
            dcm_files.append(ds)
        except Exception:
            continue  # Skip non-DICOM files

    if not dcm_files:
        raise ValueError(f"No DICOM files found in {series_dir}")

    # Sort by ImagePositionPatient (z-coordinate) or InstanceNumber
    try:
        dcm_files.sort(key=lambda x: float(x.ImagePositionPatient[2]))
    except (AttributeError, IndexError):
        dcm_files.sort(key=lambda x: int(x.InstanceNumber))

    print(f"Loaded {len(dcm_files)} slices, "
          f"Series: {getattr(dcm_files[0], 'SeriesDescription', 'N/A')}")
    return dcm_files

def series_to_volume(dcm_files):
    """Stack sorted DICOM slices into a 3D NumPy array."""
    from pydicom.pixel_data_handlers.util import apply_modality_lut
    slices = []
    for ds in dcm_files:
        pixels = apply_modality_lut(ds.pixel_array, ds)
        slices.append(pixels)
    volume = np.stack(