:toc: macro :toclevels: 5 :figure-caption!:

:option_parser_link: link:https://alchemists.io/articles/ruby_option_parser[OptionParser] :semver_link: link:https://semver.org[Semantic Versioning] :strict_semver_link: link:https://alchemists.io/articles/strict_semantic_versioning[Strict Semantic Versioning]

= Versionaire

Ruby doesn't provide a primitive version type by default so Versionaire fills this gap by providing immutable and thread-safe {strict_semver_link} so you can leverage versions within your applications. This new Version type behaves and feels a lot like other primitives (i.e. String, Array, Hash, Proc, etc) and can be cast/converted from other primitives.

toc::[]

== Features

• Provides {strict_semver_link} which means <major>.<minor>.<patch>.
• Provides immutable, thread-safe version instances.
• Converts (casts) from a String, Array, Hash, Proc, or Version to a Version.
• Disallows <major>.<minor>.<patch>-<pre-release> usage even though {semver_link} suggests you may use pre-release information.
• Disallows <major>.<minor>.<patch>+<build_metadata> usage even though {semver_link} suggests you may use build metadata.

== Requirements

. https://www.ruby-lang.org[Ruby].

== Setup

To install with security, run:

[source,bash]

💡 Skip this line if you already have the public certificate installed.

gem cert --add <(curl --compressed --location https://alchemists.io/gems.pem) gem install versionaire --trust-policy HighSecurity

To install without security, run:

[source,bash]

gem install versionaire

You can also add the gem directly to your project:

[source,bash]

bundle add versionaire

Once the gem is installed, you only need to require it:

[source,ruby]

require "versionaire"

== Usage

=== Initialization

A new version can be initialized in a variety of ways:

[source,ruby]

Versionaire::Version.new # "0.0.0" Versionaire::Version[major: 1] # "1.0.0" Versionaire::Version[major: 1, minor: 2] # "1.2.0" Versionaire::Version[major: 1, minor: 2, patch: 3] # "1.2.3"

=== Equality

==== Value (+#==+)

Equality is determined by the state of the object. This means that a version is equal to another version as long as all of the values (i.e. state) are equal to each other. Example:

[source,ruby]

version_a = Versionaire::Version[major: 1] version_b = Versionaire::Version[major: 2] version_c = Versionaire::Version[major: 1]

version_a == version_a # true version_a == version_b # false version_a == version_c # true

Knowing this, versions can be compared against one another too:

[source,ruby]

version_a > version_b # false version_a < version_b # true version_a.between? version_c, version_b # true

==== Hash (#eql?)

Behaves exactly as #==.

==== Case (#===)

Behaves exactly as #==.

==== Identity (#equal?)

Works like any other standard Ruby object where an object is equal only to itself.

[source,ruby]

version_a = Versionaire::Version[major: 1] version_b = Versionaire::Version[major: 2] version_c = Versionaire::Version[major: 1]

version_a.equal? version_a # true version_a.equal? version_b # false version_a.equal? version_c # false

=== Conversions

==== Function

Use the Versionaire::Version function to explicitly cast to a version:

[source,ruby]

version = Versionaire::Version[major: 1]

Versionaire::Version "1.0.0" Versionaire::Version [1, 0, 0] Versionaire::Version major: 1, minor: 0, patch: 0 Versionaire::Version version

Each of these conversions will result in a version object that represents "1.0.0".

When attempting to convert an unsupported type, a Versionaire::Error exception will be thrown.

==== Refinement

Building upon the above examples, a more elegant solution is to use a link:https://alchemists.io/articles/ruby_refinements[refinement]:

[source,ruby]

using Versionaire::Cast

version = Versionaire::Version[major: 1]

Version "1.0.0" Version [1, 0, 0] Version major: 1, minor: 0, patch: 0 Version version

By adding using Versionaire::Cast to your implementation, this allows Versionaire to refine Kernel so you have a top-level Version conversion function much like Kernel's native support for Integer, String, Array, Hash, etc. The benefit to this approach is to reduce the amount of typing so you don't pollute your entire object space, like a monkey patch, while providing an idiomatic approach to casting like any other primitive.

==== Implicit

Implicit conversion to a String is supported:

[source,ruby]

"1.0.0".match Versionaire::Version[major: 1] # <MatchData "1.0.0">

==== Explicit

Explicit conversion to a String, Array, Hash, or Proc is supported:

[source,ruby]

version = Versionaire::Version.new

version.to_s # "0.0.0" version.to_a # [0, 0, 0] version.to_h # {major: 0, minor: 0, patch: 0} version.to_proc # #<Proc:0x000000010b015b88 (lambda)>

To elaborate on procs, this means the following is possible where you might want to collect all minor verions values or make use of version information in other useful ways:

[source,ruby]

using Versionaire::Cast

version = Version "1.2.3"

version.to_proc.call :major # 1 [version, version, version].map(&:minor) # [2, 2, 2]

=== Inspections

You can inspect a version which is the equivalent of an escaped string representation. Example:

[source,ruby]

using Versionaire::Cast

Version("1.2.3").inspect # ""1.2.3""

=== Comparisons

All versions are comparable which means any of the operators from the +Comparable+ module will work. Example:

[source,ruby]

version_1 = Versionaire::Version "1.0.0" version_2 = Versionaire::Version "2.0.0"

version_1 < version_2 # true version_1 <= version_2 # true version_1 == version_2 # false (see Equality section above for details) version_1 > version_2 # false version_1 >= version_2 # false version_1.between? version_1, version_2 # true version_1.clamp version_1, version_2 # version_1 (added in Ruby 2.4.0)

=== Bumping

Versions can be bumped to next logical version with respect current version. Example:

[source,ruby]

version = Versionaire::Version.new # "0.0.0" version.bump :patch # "0.0.1" version.bump :minor # "0.1.0" version.bump :major # "1.0.0"

Versionaire::Version[major: 1, minor: 2, patch: 3].bump :major # "2.0.0" Versionaire::Version[major: 1, minor: 2, patch: 3].bump :minor # "1.3.0" Versionaire::Version[major: 1, minor: 2, patch: 3].bump :patch # "1.2.4"

You'll notice, when bumping the major or minor versions, lower precision gets zeroed out in order to provide the next logical version.

=== Math

Versions can be added, subtracted, sequentially increased, or sequentially decreased from each other.

==== Addition

Versions can be added together to produce a resulting version sum.

[source,ruby]

version_1 = Versionaire::Version[major: 1, minor: 2, patch: 3] version_2 = Versionaire::Version[major: 2, minor: 5, patch: 7] version_1 + version_2 # "3.7.10"

==== Subtraction

Versions can be substracted from each other as long as there isn't a negative result.

[source,ruby]

version_1 = Versionaire::Version[major: 1, minor: 2, patch: 3] version_2 = Versionaire::Version[major: 1, minor: 1, patch: 1] version_1 - version_2 # "0.1.2"

version_1 = Versionaire::Version[major: 1] version_2 = Versionaire::Version[major: 5] version_1 - version_2 # Versionaire::Error

==== Up

Versions can be sequentially increased or given a specific version to jump to.

[source,ruby]

version = Versionaire::Version[major: 1, minor: 1, patch: 1] version.up :major # => "2.1.1" version.up :major, 3 # => "4.1.1" version.up :minor # => "1.2.1" version.up :minor, 3 # => "1.4.1" version.up :patch # => "1.1.2" version.up :patch, 3 # => "1.1.4"

==== Down

Versions can be sequentially decreased or given a specific version to jump to as long as the result is not negative.

[source,ruby]

version = Versionaire::Version[major: 5, minor: 5, patch: 5] version.down :major # => "4.5.5" version.down :major, 3 # => "2.5.5" version.down :minor # => "5.4.5" version.down :minor, 3 # => "5.2.5" version.down :patch # => "5.5.4" version.down :patch, 3 # => "5.5.2" version.down :major, 6 # => Versionaire::Error

=== Extensions

This project supports libraries which might desire native Version types. Each extension must be explicitly required in order to be used since they are optional by default. See below for details.

==== OptionParser

{option_parser_link} is one of Ruby's link:https://stdgems.org[default gems] which can accept additional types not native to Ruby by default. To extend OptionParser with the Version type, all you need to do is add these two lines to your implementation:

. require "versionaire/extensions/option_parser": This will load dependencies and register the Version type with OptionParser. . act.on "--tag VERSION", Versionaire::Version: Specifying Versionaire::Version as the second argument will ensure OptionParser properly casts command line input as a Version type.

Here's an example implementation that demonstrates full usage:

[source,ruby]

require "versionaire/extensions/option_parser"

options = {}

parser = OptionParser.new do |act| act.on "--tag VERSION", Versionaire::Version, "Casts to version." do |value| options[:version] = value end end

parser.parse %w[--tag 1.2.3] puts options

The above will ensure --tag 1.2.3 is parsed as {version: "1.2.3"} within your options variable. Should OptionParser parse an invalid version, you'll get a OptionParser::InvalidArgument instead.

== Developmen