arrowsqlbcpy

A tiny library that uses .Net SqlBulkCopy to enable fast data loading to Microsoft SQL Server. Apache Arrow is used to serialise data between Python and the native DLL. .Net Native Library AOT compilation is used to generate the native DLL.

This library is much faster than any other Python solution, including bcpandas, pyodbc and pymssql. See the benchmark results below.

Installation

Binary wheels are available from PyPi and can be installed using your preferred package manager:

pip install arrowsqlbcpy

or

uv add arrowsqlbcpy

Usage

Connection strings for .Net are documented here

import pandas as pd
from arrowsqlbcpy import bulkcopy_from_pandas

# Create a connection string
cn = r"Server=myServerAddress;Database=myDataBase;Trusted_Connection=True;"
# The table to load into must exist and have the same column names and types as the pandas df
tablename = "test"

df = pd.DataFrame({"a":[1]*10000, "b":[2]*10000, "c":[3]*10000})

bulkcopy_from_pandas(df, cn, tablename)

When testing it can be useful to have pandas create the table for you, see tests/test_load.py for an example.

Requirements

Wheels are available for the latest versions of Windows 64 bit, MacOS ARM 64bit and Ubuntu 64 bit.

Wheels are available for Python 3.9-3.13.

Linux support

The Ubuntu wheels may work on other Linux distros. Building C# native libaries and then packaging appropriately for multiple Linux distros is not straightforward. The simplest solution for most Linux distros is to simply pull the source from Github and build locally. These are the high-level steps:

1. Install .net https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/install/linux
2. Clone the source

   git clone https://github.com/RusselWebber/arrowsqlbcpy

3. Install uv https://docs.astral.sh/uv/getting-started/installation/
4. Build the wheel locally

   uv build --wheel

5. Install the wheel

   pip install dist/wheel_file.whl

Benchmarks

The benchmarks were run using the richbench package. Tests were run repeatedly to get stable benchmarks.

richbench ./benchmarks

The benchmarks load a 3m row parquet file of New York taxi data. Times are recorded for loading 1000 rows, 10 000 rows, 100 000 rows, 1 000 000 rows and finally all 3 000 000 rows.

The benchmarks have a baseline of using pandas to_sql() and SQLAlchemy with pyodbc and pymssql. This is a common solution for loading pandas dataframes into SQL Server. A batch size of 10 000 rows was used in the benchmarks.

The benchmarks show the time taken to load using various alternative strategies:

| Label | Description | | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | fast_executemany=True | Use pandas to_sql(), SQLAlchemy, pyodbc, pymssql with the fast_executemany=True option as discussed here | | bcpandas | Use the bcpandas package to load the dataframes. The package writes temp files and spawns bcp processes to load them | | arrowsqlbcpy | This package using .Net SqlBulkCopy |

The richbench tables show the min, max and mean time in seconds for the baseline in the left three columns; then the min, max, mean time in seconds for the alternative strategy.

For example this row:

| Benchmark | Min | Max | Mean | Min (+) | Max (+) | Mean (+) | | ---------------------------------- | --- | --- | ---- | -------- | -------- | -------- | | 1 000 rows - fast_executemany=True | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 (2x) | 0.5 (2x) | 0.5 (2x) |

should be interpreted as: the strategy of setting fast_executemany=True resulted in a 2x speedup over the baseline when loading 1000 rows, so fast_executemany=True reduced the average time in seconds to load 1000 rows from 1.0 to 0.5, a 2x speedup.

Windows 11 (local db)

Summary results

| | 1000 | 10000 | 10000 | 1000000 | 3000000 | | --------------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | | df.to_sql() | 0.055 | 0.495 | 4.601 | 46.648 | 198.57 | | arrowsqlbcpy | 0.106 (-1.9x) | 0.101 (4.9x) | 0.933 (4.9x) | 8.864 (5.3x) | 26.048 (7.6x) | | bcpandas | 0.156 (-3.0x) | 0.336 (1.5x) | 2.567 (1.8x) | 24.627 (1.9x) | 72.353 (2.7x) | | fast_executemany=True | 0.035 (2.4x) | 0.235 (2.3x) | 2.246 (2.3x) | 22.044 (2.1x) | 65.344 (3.0x) |

Detailed richbench results

| Benchmark | Min | Max | Mean | Min (+) | Max (+) | Mean (+) | | -------------------------------------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------------- | ------------- | ------------- | | 1 000 - arrowsqlbcp | 0.053 | 0.056 | 0.055 | 0.015 (3.6x) | 0.198 (-3.5x) | 0.106 (-1.9x) | | 10 000 rows - arrowsqlbcp | 0.489 | 0.502 | 0.495 | 0.099 (4.9x) | 0.103 (4.9x) | 0.101 (4.9x) | | 100 000 rows - arrowsqlbcp | 4.587 | 4.616 | 4.601 | 0.922 (5.0x) | 0.944 (4.9x) | 0.933 (4.9x) | | 1 000 000 rows - arrowsqlbcp | 46.558 | 46.738 | 46.648 | 8.842 (5.3x) | 8.886 (5.3x) | 8.864 (5.3x) | | 3 000 000 rows - arrowsqlbcp | 198.464 | 198.676 | 198.570 | 26.016 (7.6x) | 26.079 (7.6x) | 26.048 (7.6x) | | 1 000 - bcpandas | 0.051 | 0.052 | 0.052 | 0.121 (-2.4x) | 0.190 (-3.6x) | 0.156 (-3.0x) | | 10 000 rows - bcpandas | 0.499 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.333 (1.5x) | 0.339 (1.5x) | 0.336 (1.5x) | | 100 000 rows - bcpandas | 4.543 | 4.547 | 4.545 | 2.565 (1.8x) | 2.570 (1.8x) | 2.567 (1.8x) | | 1 000 000 rows - bcpandas | 45.298 | 46.443 | 45.871 | 24.581 (1.8x) | 24.674 (1.9x) | 24.627 (1.9x) | | 3 000 000 rows - bcpandas | 197.292 | 197.699 | 197.496 | 72.301 (2.7x) | 72.405 (2.7x) | 72.353 (2.7x) | | 1 000 - fast_executemany=True | 0.052 | 0.116 | 0.084 | 0.030 (1.7x) | 0.041 (2.9x) | 0.035 (2.4x) | | 10 000 rows - fast_executemany=True | 0.513 | 0.550 | 0.531 | 0.233 (2.2x) | 0.237 (2.3x) | 0.235 (2.3x) | | 100 000 rows - fast_executemany=True | 5.018 | 5.374 | 5.196 | 2.239 (2.2x) | 2.253 (2.4x) | 2.246 (2.3x) | | 1 000 000 rows - fast_executemany=True | 45.470 | 45.582 | 45.526 | 22.036 (2.1x) | 22.051 (2.1x) | 22.044 (2.1x) | | 3 000 000 rows - fast_executemany=True | 194.152 | 194.523 | 194.337 | 65.153 (3.0x) | 65.534 (3.0x) | 65.344 (3.0x) |

Ubuntu (WSL2) (local db in docker container)

Summary results

| | 1000 | 10000 | 10000 | 1000000 | 3000000 | | --------------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- | | df.to_sql() | 0.070 | 0.506 | 5.074 | 50.089 | 208.811 | | arrowsqlbcpy | 0.154 (-2.2x) | 0.120 (4.2x) | 1.070 (4.7x) | 10.572 (4.7x) | 30.673 (6.8x) | | bcpandas | 0.158 (-2.4x) | 0.438 (1.2x) | 3.383 (1.5x) | 32.774 (1.5x) | 95.200 (2.2x) | | fast_executemany=True | 0.059 (1.6x) | 0.323 (1.7x) | 3.039 (1.6x) | 29.810 (1.7x) | 87.419 (2.4x) |

Detailed richbench results

| Benchmark | Min | Max | Mean | Min (+) | Max (+) | Mean (+) | | -------------------------------------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------------- | ------------- | ------------- | | 1 000 - arrowsqlbcp | 0.069 | 0.071 | 0.070 | 0.028 (2.4x) | 0.280 (-3.9x) | 0.154 (-2.2x) | | 10 000 rows - arrowsqlbcp | 0.503 | 0.510 | 0.506 | 0.115 (4.4x) | 0.126 (4.0x) | 0.120 (4.2x) | | 100 000 rows - arrowsqlbcp | 5.062 | 5.085 | 5.074 | 1.064 (4.8x) | 1.076 (4.7x) | 1.070 (4.7x) | | 1 000 000 rows - arrowsqlbcp | 49.746 | 50.433 | 50.089 | 10.566 (4.7x) | 10.578 (4.8x) | 10.572 (4.7x) | | 3 000 000 rows - arrowsqlbcp | 208.669 | 208.953 | 208.811 | 30.364 (6.9x) | 30.982 (6.7x) | 30.673 (6.8x) | | 1 000 - bcpandas | 0.066 | 0.068 | 0.067 | 0.149 (-2.2x) | 0.167 (-2.5x) | 0.158 (-2.4x) | | 10 000 rows - bcpandas | 0.500 | 0.508 | 0.504 | 0.431 (1.2x) | 0.444 (1.1x) | 0.438 (1.2x) | | 100 000 rows - bcpandas | 5.016 | 5.02