Multiphysics

Update

This product has been superseded by Energy2D 2.0, a modern cloud-native version that has been greatly extended in its multiphysics capabilities. See https://intofuture.org/energy2d.html for more info. As such, the Java code is no longer maintained.

Under the hood...

• Numerical Algorithms for Simulating Three Modes of Heat Transfer

• Coupled Fluid-Particle Dynamics

• Modeling Thermal Bridges

• Comparison with Infrared Imaging

• Running on Raspberry Pi

How to cite it?

Charles Xie, Interactive Heat Transfer Simulations for Everyone, The Physics Teacher, Volume 50, Issue 4, pp. 237-240, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.3694080

Acknowledgements

The development of this open-source program was initially supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the United States under grant numbers 0918449, 1124281, and 1512868. The project is currently under the auspices of the Institute for Future Intelligence (https://intofuture.org). Special thanks to the Concord Consortium for kindly allowing the transfer of the intellectual properties of this product to the Institute for Future Intelligence.

Applications

This program has been used as a simulation tool in the following publications:

1. Levchenko, D., Olbrycht, R., Kałuża, M., Felczak, M., Kubiak, P., & Więcek, B. (2025). A Prototype and Efficiency Analysis of Indirect Regenerative Evaporative Cooling System for Electronics. Energies, 18(23), 6288. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236288
2. Desmond Appiah. 2025. Enhancing Students' Performance and Interest in Heat Transfer using Energy2D Simulation Demonstrations. In Proceedings of the 2025 2nd International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence for Education (ISAIE '25). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1145/3775073.3775085
3. Albert Jorddy Valenzuela Inga, Víctor Peña Dueñas, Janet Yéssica Andía Arias, Ronald Michael Villanueva Añazco, Boris Senin Carhuallanqui Parian, Richard Hugo Reymundo Gamarra, Design and Performance Analysis of an Inclined Glazing Photovoltaic-Trombe Wall System with Automated Fan Control, Civil Engineering and Architecture Vol. 13(2), pp. 865 - 880, 2025. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2025.130209
4. Kalidasan Balasubramanian, Adarsh Kumar Pandey, Yasir Ali Bhutto, Anas Islam, Tareq Kareri, Saidur Rahman, Dharam Buddhi, Vineet Veer Tyagi, Evolving Thermal Energy Storage Using Hybrid Nanoparticle: An Experimental Investigation on Salt Hydrate Phase Change Materials for Greener Future, Energy Technology, 13: 2400248, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202400248
5. Weichao Wang, Jin-Cheng Zheng and Hui-Qiong Wang, Generalized thermal rectifier model with optimal thermal rectification ratio and its application to Ga2O3-based semiconductors, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2025. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-648X/ae05e0/meta
6. Vonlanthen, P., Nabiei, F., Cayron, C. et al. Pinpointing the thermal history of lunar basaltic meteorites in a nutshell. Nature Communications 16, 4092 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57652-6
7. Xiaoyu Zou, Matthew Fisher, Hugh Gotts, Development of an ultra-clean sample heating stage for thermal desorption spectroscopy, Microelectronic Engineering, Volume 294, 2024, 112257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2024.112257
8. Reji Kumar Rajamony, Abd Ghafar Nurhanis Sofiah, B. Kalidasan, Mahendran Samykano, A.K. Pandey, Subbarama Kousik Suraparaju, Johnny Koh Siaw Paw, Vijayakumar Paranthaman, Yasser Fouad, M.M. Noor, M.A. Kalam, Experimental investigation of tailoring functionalized carbon-based nano additives infused phase change material for enhanced thermal energy storage, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Volume 190, Part A, 2024, Pages 944-961, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.07.093
9. Kalidasan Balasubramanian, Adarsh Kumar Pandey, Yasir Ali Bhutto, Anas Islam, Tareq Kareri, Saidur Rahman, Dharam Buddhi, & Vineet Veer Tyagi, Evolving Thermal Energy Storage Using Hybrid Nanoparticle: An Experimental Investigation on Salt Hydrate Phase Change Materials for Greener Future, Energy Technology, 2024, 2400248. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202400248
10. Torres-Aguilar, C., Moreno-Bernal, P., Nesmachnow, S., Rossit, D., Aguilar-Castro, K.M., Macias-Melo, E.V. (2025). Regression Analysis for Prediction of Solar Chimney Performance. In: Nesmachnow, S., Hernández Callejo, L. (eds) Smart Cities. ICSC-CITIES 2024. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 2394. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85324-1_17
11. Lydia Sin-Yau Chiu, WallaceWai-Lok Lai, Sónia Santos-Assunção, Sahib Singh Sandhu, Janet Fung-Chu Sham, Nelson Fat-Sang Chan, Jeffrey Chun-Fai Wong, & Wai-Kin Leung, A Feasibility Study of Thermal Infrared Imaging for Monitoring Natural Terrain—A Case Study in Hong Kong, Remote Sensing, 2023, 15(24), 5787; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15245787
12. Tânia M. Ribeiro, Andrea D’Ambrosio, Guillermo J. Dominguez Calabuig, Dimitrios Athanasopoulos, Helena Bates, Clemens Riegler, Oriane Gassot, Selina-Barbara Gerig, Juan L. Gómez-González, Nikolaus Huber, Ragnar Seton, Tiago E.C. Magalhães, CARINA: A near-Earth D-type asteroid sample return mission, Acta Astronautica, Volume 212, November 2023, Pages 213-225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.07.035
13. M. Ravikumar, M.K. Srinath, & M.S. Ganesha Prasad, Thermal modelling of microwave dehydration of fruit slice, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.103543
14. Milad Ramezankhani, Mehrtash Harandi, Rudolf Seethaler, & Abbas S. Milani, Smart manufacturing under limited and heterogeneous data: a sim-to-real transfer learning with convolutional variational autoencoder in thermoforming, International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1080/0951192X.2023.2257623
15. Christine K. McGinn, Vikrant Kumar, Megan Noga, Zachary Lamport, & Ioannis Kymissis, Ultra-Thin Ceramic Substrates for Improved Heat sinking for MicroLEDs, Advanced Materials Technologies, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202300390
16. Milad Ramezankhani, Data-efficient and uncertainty-aware hybrid machine learning in advanced composites manufacturing, PhD thesis, University of British Columbia, 2023
17. Fu-Ye Du, Wang Zhang, Hui-Qiong Wang, & Jin-Cheng Zheng, Enhancement of thermal rectification by asymmetry engineering of thermal conductivity and geometric structure for the multi-segment thermal rectifier, Chinese Physics B, 2023
18. Angela Terracina, Angelo Armano, Manuela Meloni, Annamaria Panniello, Gianluca Minervini, Antonino Madonia, Marco Cannas, Marinella Striccoli, Luca Malfatti, & Fabrizio Messina, Photobleaching and Recovery Kinetics of a Palette of Carbon Nanodots Probed by In Situ Optical Spectroscopy, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14, 31, 36038–36051, 2022
19. Laura Bragante Corssac, A digital twin based smart home : a Proof-of-concept study, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/245270
20. Ümit Aksoy, Dünya, Mars ve Ay'da yerel kaynaklar ile üretilen betonlardan yapılmış yapıların sonlu elemanlar yöntemi ile tasarlanması ve karşılaştırılması. KMÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, 2022
21. Martin Ferjan, Izdelava interaktivnega pripomočka za razumevanje bioklimatskih ukrepov za pasivno solarno ogrevanje [na spletu]. 2022. [Dostopano 8 julij 2022]. Pridobljeno https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?lang=slv&id=137735
22. Pau Chung Leng, Siew Bee Aw, Nor Eeda Haji Ali, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Yoke Lai Lee, & Mohd Hamdan Ahmad, Solar Chimneys as an Effective Ventilation Strategy in Multi-Storey Public Housing in the Post-COVID-19 Era, Buildings, 12(6), 820, 2022
23. Miguel Chen Austin, Análisis de la influencia de la masa térmica en climas tropicales mediante simulación con Energy2D, PRISMA Tecnológico | Vol. 13, n.° 1, edición, 2022
24. Ren Tier, Mpemba Effect Demystified, https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/2104/
25. Miguel Chen Austin, Kevin Araque, Paola Palacios, Katherine Rodríguez Maure, & Dafni Mora, Numerical Assessment of Zebra-Stripes-Based Strategies in Buildings Energy Performance: A Case Study under Tropical Climate, Biomimetics 2022, 7, 14
26. Ipsita Negi & Kirti Pal, Effect of Tower Height and Collector Radius on Performance of Solar Updraft Tower Power Plant, International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development, vol. 13, no. 1, 2022
27. Messaoud Moudjari, Hafida Marouf, Hameed Muhamad, Omar Chaalal, Marc Mequignon, Walid Maherzi, & Mahfoud Benzerzour, Using Local Materials to Optimize the Eco-design of a Resilient Urban Environment in Sustainable Urban Project Process, Civil Engineering and Architecture 9(6): 2084-2097, 2021
28. Luis Bernardo López-Sosa, Mario Morales-Máximo, Rogelio Anastacio-Paulino, Abraham Custodio-Hernández, Juan Carlos Corral-Huacuz, & Arturo Aguilera-Mandujano, Electron Microscopy Characterization of Sargassum Spp. from the Mexican Caribbean for Application as a Bioconstruction Material, Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 27 S1, 2021
29. S. Turkat,et al., Measurement of the 2H(p, γ) 3He S-factor at 265 - 1094 keV, Physical Review C 103, 045805, 2021
30. Songsheng Li & Christopher Chiu, Improved Smart Pillow for Remote Health Care System, Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 10, 9, 2021
31. D. Thomas, H. Andoni, Steven, R.A.Achsani, I.M.Sutjahja, Mardiyati, & S.Wonorahardjo, Thermophysical studies of common wall panels for controlling building thermal environment, MaterialsToday Proceedings, 2021
32. Rizka Tri Arinta & LMF Purwanto, PROSES SIMULASI KONDUKTIVITAS PERPINDAHAN P