CCMNet: Leveraging Calibrated Color Correction Matrices for Cross-Camera Color Constancy

Dongyoung Kim¹, Mahmoud Afifi², Dongyun Kim¹, Michael S. Brown², and Seon Joo Kim¹

¹Yonsei University   ²AI Center - Toronto, Samsung Electronics

[Paper] | [Project page]

1. 📖 Overview

CCMNet is a deep learning-based methodology for maintaining color consistency in images captured by different cameras. This project aims to achieve cross-camera color constancy by leveraging camera-specific Color Correction Matrices (CCM). The core idea is to learn a Camera Fingerprint Embedding (CFE) that represents the unique color characteristics of each camera. This CFE is then used to predict an appropriate illumination chromaticity vector for an input image, thereby correcting its colors.

2. 📊 Dataset

For detailed information about the datasets used in this project, please refer to the data_scripts/README.md file.

Supported Datasets

• NUS
• Cube+
• Intel-TAU
• Gehler-Shi

Note: IMX135-BLCCSC camera from Intel-TAU dataset was not used in training and testing as its Color Correction Matrix (CCM) was not provided.

3. ⚙️ Requirements

Environment Setup

• Python 3.8+
• CUDA 11.8+ (for GPU support)

Package Installation

pip install -r requirements.txt

Key Dependencies

• PyTorch 2.2.1
• TorchVision 0.17.1
• NumPy 1.24.2
• OpenCV 4.9.0.80
• Colour-Science 0.4.4
• Weights & Biases 0.18.0
• SciPy 1.14.1
• tqdm 4.66.5
• RawPy 0.18.0
• Scikit-Image 0.24.0
• Pillow 10.4.0
• Matplotlib 3.9.2
• PyExifTool 0.5.6
• ExifRead 3.0.0

Optional Dependencies

• CUDA toolkit for GPU acceleration
• TensorBoard for training visualization

4. 🚀 Usage

4.1 Training

The model is trained using a leave-one-out strategy, where one dataset is used for testing, and the remaining datasets are used for training.

Training Script

python train.py \
    -tr [TRAIN_DATASETS] \
    -augd [AUGMENTATION_DATA_PATH] \
    -lr [LEARNING_RATE] \
    -e [EPOCHS] \
    -cfefn [CFE_FEATURE_NUMBER]

Example

python train.py \
    -tr NUS-8 cube+ Intel-TAU \
    -augd CIN \
    -lr 5e-4 \
    -e 50 \
    -cfefn 8

Required Parameters

• -tr, --train_subsets: List of training dataset names/subsets (e.g., NUS-8 cube+ Intel-TAU). Default: None.
• -augd, --augmentation-dir: Path(s) to augmented dataset directories. (e.g., CGN, CIN). Default: None. These augmented datasets are generated using the gen_imaginary_raw.py script, which creates synthetic RAW images by interpolating between different camera characteristics. For detailed information about the dataset generation process, please refer to the data_scripts/README.md file.
• -lr, --learning-rate: Learning rate (default: 5e-4).
• -e, --epochs: Number of training epochs (default: 50).
• -cfefn, --cfe-feature-num: Number of channels for the Camera Fingerprint Embedding (CFE) feature (default: 8).

<details> <summary>Optional Parameters</summary>

• -b, --batch-size: Batch size (default: 16).
• -ts, --test_subsets: Test/Validation dataset name/subset (e.g., Gehler-Shi). Default: None.
• -opt, --optimizer: Optimizer to use. Choices: Adam, SGD (default: Adam).
• -l2r, --l2reg: L2 regularization factor (default: 5e-4).
• -l, --load: Load model from a .pth file (flag, default: disabled).
• -ml, --model-location: Path to the model file to load (default: None).
• -vr, --validation-ratio: Ratio of training data to use for validation if val_dir_img is not provided (default: 0.1).
• -vf, --validation-frequency: Validate the model every N epochs (default: 1).
• -s, --input-size: Size of the input histogram (number of bins) (default: 64).
• -lh, --load-hist: Load pre-computed histograms if they exist (flag, default: enabled).
• -ibs, --increasing-batch-size: Flag to gradually increase batch size during training (default: disabled).
• -gc, --grad-clip-value: Gradient clipping threshold (0 for no clipping) (default: 0).
• -slf, --smoothness-factor-F: Smoothness regularization factor for the convolutional filter F (default: 0.15).
• -slb, --smoothness-factor-B: Smoothness regularization factor for the bias B (default: 0.02).
• -ntrd, --training-dir-in: Root directory for input training images (default: ../../dataset/CCMNet/original_resized/).
• -nvld, --validation-dir-in: Root directory for input validation images. If None, validation set is split from training data (default: None).
• -nagd, --augmentation-dir-in: Root directory for augmentation images specified by -augd (default: ../../dataset/CCMNet/augmented_dataset).
• -n, --model-name: Base name for the trained model and wandb logging (a datetime prefix will be added) (default: CCMNet).
• -g, --gpu: GPU ID to use if CUDA is available (default: 0).
• -netd, --net-depth: Depth of the encoder network (default: 4).
• -maxc, --max-convdepth: Maximum depth of convolutional layers in the network (default: 32).
• --visualize-training: Flag to enable visualization of training progress (TensorBoard images and local validation sample images) (default: disabled).

</details>

4.2 Testing

The model is tested on datasets not seen during training. Various visualization options are available.

Testing Script

python test.py \
    -ts [TEST_DATASET] \
    -wb [WHITE_BALANCE_FLAG] \
    -n [MODEL_NAME_OR_ID] \
    -cfefn [CFE_FEATURE_NUMBER]

Example

python test.py \
    -ts cube+ \
    -wb True \
    -n test_Cube+ \
    -cfefn 8

Required Parameters

• -ts, --test_subsets: Test dataset name/subset to evaluate (e.g., cube+). Default: None.
• -n, --model-name: Name of the trained model to load (e.g., test_Cube+, test_Gehler-Shi, test_NUS in models/ directory). Default: None (expects .pth extension).
• -cfefn, --cfe-feature-num: Number of channels for the Camera Fingerprint Embedding (CFE) feature used by the loaded model (default: 8).

<details> <summary>Optional Parameters</summary>

• -b, --batch-size: Batch size for testing (default: 64).
• -s, --input-size: Size of the input histogram/image (default: 64).
• -ntrd, --testing-dir-in: Path to the root directory of the test dataset (e.g., ../../dataset/CCMNet/). Default: ../dataset/CCMNet/.
• -lh, --load-hist: Load pre-computed histograms if available (flag, default: enabled).
• -g, --gpu: GPU ID to use if CUDA is available (default: 0).
• -netd, --net-depth: Depth of the encoder network in the loaded model (default: 4).
• -maxc, --max-convdepth: Maximum depth of convolutional layers in the loaded model (default: 32).

</details>

Visualization Parameters

• -wb, --white-balance: Flag to perform white balancing on test images and save them (default: False, example uses True).
• --visualize-gt: Flag to save ground truth white-balanced images (default: disabled).
• --visualize-intermediate: Flag to save intermediate outputs of the network (P, F_chroma, B, etc.) (default: disabled).
• --add-color-bar: Flag to add a color bar indicating illuminant color to saved images (default: disabled). If this flag is present, color bars are added.

4.3 Evaluation

After running the test script, the results are saved in the results/[MODEL_NAME] directory relative to the project root. To evaluate these results, use the evaluation script from the evaluation directory:

Evaluation Script

cd evaluation
python evaluation.py --model_name [MODEL_NAME]

Example

cd evaluation
python evaluation.py --model_name test_Cube+

This will calculate and display the following metrics for the test results:

• Mean angular error
• Median angular error
• Best 25% mean error
• Worst 25% mean error
• Worst 5% mean error
• Tri-mean error
• Maximum error

The evaluation script reads the ground truth (gt.mat) and predicted results (results.mat) from the ../results/[MODEL_NAME] directory and computes various error metrics to assess the model's performance.

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5. 🙏 Acknowledgements

This work is based on the C5 [https://github.com/mahmoudnafifi/C5]. We thank the authors for their excellent work.

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6. 📚 Citation

@inproceedings{kim2025ccmnet,
  title = {CCMNet: Leveraging Calibrated Color Correction Matrices for Cross-Camera Color Constancy},
  author = {Dongyoung Kim and Mahmoud Afifi and Dongyun Kim and Michael S. Brown and Seon Joo Kim},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  year = {2025},
  pages = {to appear},
  url = {https://www.dykim.me/projects/ccmnet}
}

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7. 📄 License

<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License</a>.