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JiangChSo / PFLMPrivacy-preserving federated learning is distributed machine learning where multiple collaborators train a model through protected gradients. To achieve robustness to users dropping out, existing practical privacy-preserving federated learning schemes are based on (t, N)-threshold secret sharing. Such schemes rely on a strong assumption to guarantee security: the threshold t must be greater than half of the number of users. The assumption is so rigorous that in some scenarios the schemes may not be appropriate. Motivated by the issue, we first introduce membership proof for federated learning, which leverages cryptographic accumulators to generate membership proofs by accumulating users IDs. The proofs are issued in a public blockchain for users to verify. With membership proof, we propose a privacy-preserving federated learning scheme called PFLM. PFLM releases the assumption of threshold while maintaining the security guarantees. Additionally, we design a result verification algorithm based on a variant of ElGamal encryption to verify the correctness of aggregated results from the cloud server. The verification algorithm is integrated into PFLM as a part. Security analysis in a random oracle model shows that PFLM guarantees privacy against active adversaries. The implementation of PFLM and experiments demonstrate the performance of PFLM in terms of computation and communication.
BlockchainLabs / SpreadCoinSpreadCoin October 5, 2014 Introduction In proof-of-work cryptocurrencies new coins are generated by the network through the process of mining. One of the purposes of mining is to protect network from double spending attacks and history rewriting. Miners generate new blocks and check contents of the blocks generated by other peers for conformation to the network rules. However, many miners now delegate all the checking work crucial to cryptocurrency security to pools. This means that pool operators do not have any large hashing power but have control over generation of new blocks. This brings unnecessary centralization to otherwise decentralized system. Controlling more than 50% of mining power allows to perform double-spending attacks with 100% chance of success but even with less than 50% control it is possible to perform attacks which have chances to succeed1 . The core idea of SpreadCoin is to prevent creation of pools and thus make mining more decentralized and the whole system more secure. Pool Prevention In pooled mining miners perform only the work which is necessary to fulfill the proof-of-work requirements and pools take care of block generation and broadcasting and distribute reward among miners according to the shares they submit. In this scheme miner has two alternatives: 1. Solo mining. In this case miner cannot send shares to the pool because they will not be accepted. 2. Pooled mining. Miner’s shares will be accepted by the pool but in the case miner will actually generate a new block its reward will go to the pool which will redistribute it to all miners. This allows organization of pools because miners has no way to cheat and steal generated money. To prevent creation of pools we must remove this possibility so that if pool will be created than miner can mine in a pool, submit shares as usual and get reward for them but in the case of actually finding a block miner can send it directly to the network instead of the pool and get full reward for it. In SpreadCoin mining is organized in such way that miner must know the following things: 1. Private key corresponding to the coinbase transaction. 2. Whole block, not only its header. This ensures that miner can broadcast mined block and spend coins generated in that block. It may seem that it is necessary to know only the private key to spend coinbase transaction. If two conflicting transactions will appear on the network then the one that was broadcasted first will have much higher probability to be included in a block because each peer remembers and retransmits only the first one of the conflicting transactions. If both miner and pool know private key but only pool knows the content of the block than pool can generate and broadcast spending transaction earlier than miner. If both miner 1 Double-spending. Bitcoin Wiki. https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Double-spending and pool know content of the block than miner will be the first one who can broadcast block and spending transaction. To prove knowledge of the private key and whole block there are two new fields in the block header: MinerSignature and hashWholeBlock. MinerSignature is a digital signature of all fields of the block header except for the hashWholeBlock. Changing any information in the block requires regeneration of this signature which means that it is necessary to recalculate it during each iteration of the mining process. This implies that miner must be able to sign any arbitrary data. hashWholeBlock is a SHA-256 hash of the block data arranged as follows: Padding ensures that there is no incentive to mine empty blocks without transactions. Padding values are computed using simple algorithm which initializes last 32 bytes (8 uint32) with hashPrevBlock and then goes backward and computes remaining uint32 values using the following recursive formula: 𝐼𝑖 = 𝐼𝑖+3 ∙ 𝐼𝑖+7. This algorithm ensures that there is no efficient way to compute padding values on the fly during hash computation which otherwise could potentially give some advantage to mine empty blocks in certain computing environments. It is important that block is hashed twice. If it was hashed only once then pool could hash the beginning of the block and send resulting hash state to the miners. Each miner would then modify some information in the end of the block and recalculate the hash based on the known state without actual knowledge about what is contained in the beginning of the block. Appending block data to itself make it necessary to know the whole block to recalculate hashWholeBlock. Pool may detect and ban cheating miners. However, many miners may still prefer to cheat so that pool will be completely unusable for honest miners. Miners that have low probability of finding a block will get more profit by stealing reward for accidentally found block even if pool will ban them thereafter. Miners that have enough mining power to find blocks consistently can still connect to a pool and submit shares for some time but steal the first found block. This way they can get both reward for their shares and the actual mined block. Given all this it is expected that no one will create a pool. But even if someone will than it can be countered by releasing stealing miner software which many miners will switch to. Compact Transactions SpreadCoin as well as Bitcoin uses ECDSA signatures. Each address in Bitcoin is a hash of an ECDSA public key. To spend coins sent to an address it is necessary to provide public key matching to that hash and a signature. This results in 139 or 107 bytes for each transaction input script (scriptSig) depending on Block Padding MAX_BLOCK_SIZE Block Padding whether compact public key is used. However, it is possible to recover public key from the signature2 which means that it is not necessary to provide it in transaction input. Together with using compact representation of the signature3 it allows to reduce size of transaction input script from 139 or 107 bytes in Bitcoin to 67 bytes in SpreadCoin. Recovering public key has almost no extra CPU cost compared to the usual signature verification process used in Bitcoin. This is important because the CPU cost of ECDSA signature verification is a bottleneck for Bitcoin transaction processing. Usual output script (scriptPubKey) in Bitcoin looks as follows: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 5bd18804e4bb43a4bb8b6bc88408970bafaf4a38 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG In SpreadCoin the semantics of the OP_CHECKSIG instruction was changed to checking signature by hash of the public key (it recovers public key and compares its hash with the provided one). This results in a much simpler script in SpreadCoin: 5bd18804e4bb43a4bb8b6bc88408970bafaf4a38 OP_CHECKSIG This results in additional minor space saving because this script is 3 bytes smaller. Smooth Supply Block reward in Bitcoin is computed using the following formula: 𝑅ℎ = 𝑅0 ∙ 2 −⌊ ℎ 𝑝 ⌋ , where ℎ – block height, 𝑝 – reward halving period, 𝑅0 – initial reward, 𝑅ℎ – reward for block ℎ, ⌊ ⌋ – floor function. This method results in abrupt reward changes near halving points. SpreadCoin uses simple linear interpolation between halving points to make reward decrease much smother. This is achieved by modifying reward using the following formula: 𝑅ℎ ′ = 4 3 (𝑅ℎ − 𝑅ℎ ∙ ℎ mod 𝑝 2𝑝 ). SpreadCoin uses 𝑝 = 2 ∙ 106 as its reward halving period. 2 ECDSA Signatures allow recovery of the public key. Bitcoin Forum. https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=6430.0%29%3F 3 Why the signature is always 65 (1+32+32) bytes long? Bitcoin Stack Exchange. https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/12554/why-the-signature-is-always-65-13232-bytes-long | NO YEAR 2106 PROBLEM The time stamp field in the block header is now 64 bit instead of 32 bit (Bitcoin) so that much farther date times are possible (>Year 2106) Upcoming features that are in development and will be introduced over the next weeks and months: SERVICENODES A servicenode is a node which runs continuously (24/7) on a server and which provides services within the spreadcoin network. You have to pay a collateral to be able to install a servernode (in return your servicenode will earn a steady income). This collateral is determined by a free market price discovery. (No fix collateral. The price is allowed to fluctuate over time.) COMPETITIVE COLLATERAL Furthermore, to introduce a competitive nature to the servicenodes there will only ever be a limited number of allowed servicenodes worldwide. Since the collateral isn't set in stone, but the amount of servicenodes is fixed, the price of a servicenode will be determined by the participants themselves. It is expected that the price will vary widely over time, which exposes it to the same market forces that hashrate and currency value are exposed to too. SERVICE APPS There are a number of decentralized applications that will run on servicenodes. Most likely those apps will include: 1) "Spread the message" (an in-wallet encrypted messaging system, which allows you to send a message to an SPR address) 2) "Spread the Search" (A decentralized search engine that lets the servicenodes crawl and map the entire internet.) . SPREADX11 SpreadX11 is different from plain X11 by introducing a sophisticated pool prevention mechanism. With SpreadX11 every block header contains additional information (MinerSignature and hashWholeBlock). With the help of this information the protocol ensures that the miner of a new block is always also the first one to know the content of the whole block and the private key to spend the coinbase transaction. (contrary to pool mining where the pool operator is the first one to know those things) So when a miner finds a block, he must himself sign and transmit the block to the network (like solo mining), instead of having a pool handle this for him. This effectively prevents pools by making their rules non-enforceable, since any miner in any assumed pool can always just steal the block reward instead of following the rules set up by the pool. COMPACT TRANSACTIONS SpreadCoin uses a more compact representation for signatures in transactions. SpreadCoin as well as Bitcoin uses ECDSA signatures. While bitcoin keeps a copy of the public key of the corresponding signature around, SpreadCoin ommits this by recovering the public key on the fly directly from the signature. This way it is not necessary to keep the public key of every ECDSA signature in the blockchain, so this leads to *smaller transactions and hence a smaller blockchain (at the cost of a few CPU cycles more). (*reduction in size of transaction from 139 or 107 bytes in Bitcoin to 67 bytes in SpreadCoin.) SMOOTH HALVING Unlike Bitcoin, there are no abrupt reward halvings in SpreadCoin. Block reward is smoothly decreasing over time. UNIQUE DESIGN WITH IN-WALLET VANITYGEN One of the first apps to be built into the wallet is the vanity generator (or vanity gen) which allows anyone to create personalised payment addresses. The easy to use wallet lets you search through trillions of payment addresses allowing you to find one or multiple vanity addresses, which are then stored safely along with the private keys on your own computer - and nowhere else. Searching using the vanity gen is probabilistic, so the amount of time required to find your chosen address patterns depends on how complex the pattern is, the speed of your computer, and a little bit of luck. You can use the vanity gen for a bit of fun, to make your address standout from the crowd or to create a link to a brand, business or other organisation. You can even search for addresses that others might be willing to buy from you. SpreadCoin is a new cryptocurrency which is more decentralized than Bitcoin. It prevents centralization of hashing power in pools, which is one of the main concerns of Bitcoin security. SpreadCoin was fairly launched on 29 July 2014, 9:00 UTC with no premine.
aldrichsun / Graph Partitioning With Natural CutsImplementation of the graph partitioning algorithm described in paper "Graph Partitioning with Natural Cuts" in the 2011 IEEE International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium
kjchavez / Distributed Deep QProject for CME 323: Distributed Algorithms and Optimization
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managedcode / Orleans.RateLimitingThis is a library for Microsoft Orleans that provides a set of rate limiting algorithms for controlling the flow of requests in your distributed applications. It is designed to be easy to use and to integrate with your Orleans-based applications seamlessly.
johnhuang-cn / Snowflake UidDistributed UID generator based on snowflake algorithm
cld-maindev / Codex SynapticA distributed AI agent orchestration layer enabling transformation of Codex for macOS into collective intelligence networks. Features neural mesh networking, swarm intelligence algorithms (PSO/ACO/Flocking), Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus, Metal-accelerated computations, and autonomous agent collaboration.
drkostas / HGN[Algorithms '19] Official code for the paper "A Distributed Hybrid Community Detection Methodology for Social Networks" paper.
SokratALDARMINI / Formation Control For A Multi Agent System With Disturbance ComenstationThis repository represents an implementation of suggested distributed control algorithm for formation control of multi-agent system with distrubance compensation.
jamezilla / AtsATS is a spectral modeling system based on a sinusoidal plus critical-band noise decomposition. Psychoacoustic processing informs the system's sinusoidal tracking and noise modeling algorithms. Perceptual Audio Coding (PAC) techniques such as Signal-to-Mask Ratio (SMR) evaluation are used to achieve perceptually accurate sinusoidal tracking. SMR values are also used as a psychoacoustic metric to determine the perceptual relevance of partials during analysis data postprocessing. The system's noise component is modeled using Bark-scale frequency warping and sub-band noise energy evaluation. Noise energy at the sub-bands is then distributed on a frame-by-frame basis among the partials resulting in a compact hybrid representation based on noise modulated sinusoidal trajectories.
peelframework / PeelPeel is a framework that helps you to define, execute, analyze, and share experiments for distributed systems and algorithms.
uxff / FlexdriveA flexible extending drive, distributed cloud storage system using gRPC and distributed election algorithm.
tjcunhao / DpoWe propose a novel distributed pose graph optimization algorithm combining multi-level partitioning with an accelerated Riemannian optimization method.
ParCIS / Ok TopkOk-Topk is a scheme for distributed training with sparse gradients. Ok-Topk integrates a novel sparse allreduce algorithm (less than 6k communication volume which is asymptotically optimal) with the decentralized parallel Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) optimizer, and its convergence is proved theoretically and empirically.
Cryptoaj-hack / DFDTOKENDecentralized Finance (DeFi) Development Services & Solutions Eliminate the role of a middleman by availing decentralized finance (DEFI) development services & solutions. Get access to the major financial services through a blockchain network and experience the benefits of automation, a higher level of security, anonymity, interoperability, and transparency. Our wide range of services include Market-Making Consulting We take immense efforts in establishing financial markets that understand the customers’ proprietary algorithms. We aim at improving the access of liquidity to investors and democratize the whole system. We render customized features according to the customer’s expected return on investment. Decentralized Crypto Banking We ensure a frictionless user experience by facilitating the direct transfer of value between the involved parties supported by decentralization. Our ready-to-launch white-label mobile payment apps render a variety of services such as wallet integration, value holding, and detailed transactional analysis. Defi Lottery System Development We provide a no-loss lottery system that benefits our participants completely. We take steps to eliminate the custodianship of the pooled capital. We permit investing your capital in other related dapps and distribute the rewards in form of a major share of the interest earned to a winner randomly selected by the smart contracts. We assure the regular flow of returns. Derivatives Over Defi Platform We ensure seamless access to derivatives and maximize your earning potential by many notches. by establishing robust dapps, we enable traders to hedge their portfolio of investments and minimize risks by directly engaging with their peers through a democratic platform. We are experts in derivatives market-making and Dapp platform development. Decentralized Fund Management All your crypto assets will be managed to yield high performance in a decentralized exchange through smart control and management. with in-depth experience in investment exchanges along with our strong knowledge of defi, we render our services at low fees and avoid potential risks. Defi Insurance System Development We ensure that there are no risks present in our smart contract. With our robust provision of insurance services, we assure you that there will be no chance of uncontrollable liquidity requests. We contain futuristic risks, uncertainties, and emergencies through lucrative insurance deals. Defi Yield Farming Platform Development Yield farming refers to the technique through which one can earn more cryptocurrencies by using his existing holding of cryptos. Liquidity providers play a vital role in the success of yield farming. They stake their assets in liquidity pools and facilitate trading in cryptos by creating a market. Defi Staking Platform Development Defi staking involves a mechanism where crypto assets will be staked on a supported wallet or exchange and passive income will be earned. The rewards can be calculated based on the quantity of staked assets, the staking duration, inflation rate, and the network issuance rate. Defi Lending Platform Development Defi lending platforms have been made popular by the likes of aave and compound. The basic features of a defi lending platform include flash loan facilities, a fiat payment gateway, and an exclusive margin trading facility, the advantages of defi lending include high immutability, better transparency, quick access, and resistance to transaction censorship. Defi Smart Contract Development One of the pivotal reasons behind the tremendous growth of defi services is due to the heavy investments made in robust defi smart contract development. They are created with the solidity programming language, highly encrypted, and automates the tasks to be executed based on certain pre-set terms and conditions. Defi Dapp Development Defi Dapp development plays a critical role to avoid the risk of a central point of failure. They are highly secure when compared to centralized applications due to the absence of a central authority. Defi Tokens Development Defi tokens development has played a critical role in boosting the growth of decentralized applications. Their value is currently higher than bitcoin. it has a huge trading volume and has garnered a lot of attention from the mainstream crowd in recent times. Defi Dex Development Like Uniswap Uniswap is one of the leading defi projects being undertaken. It is an innovative venture as it utilizes incentivized liquidity pools instead of regular order books. every user of uni swap will is rewarded with a percentage of fees incurred on every ethereum transaction for rendering liquidity to the system. Defi Wallet Development Traders will have complete control over their funds through defi wallet development without the interference of any authorities in the system. Supreme security is guaranteed for users without any compromise. By supplying customized private keys to every user, there will not be any chances for any loss of data. DeFi Marketing Services To assist DeFi projects gain user engagement, marketing services are indispensable.From drafting white paper, video and content marketing, to legal advisory, marketing and community management, our DeFi marketing and consulting services are well-versed to get the job done. DeFi Synthetic Asset Development Synthetic assets derive their value from underlying assets and derivatives which are essentially smart contracts. In DeFi, Synthetic assets have gained acclaim as they involve low risks and little chance of price fluctuations. Users can easily invest, trade, and own assets with no hassles. DeFi Solutions For Ecommerce Streamline your Ecommerce business with DeFi and its pragmatic tools. With DeFi’s solutions , benefits like omission of intermediaries, faster shipping, supply chain management, and real time tracking can be integrated with your Ecommerce business, increasing profits. DeFi Tokenization Development Tokenization Development is one of the pragmatic solutions DeFi offers. Users can now convert inoperative and underutilized assets into great profits by simply tokenizing their assets. With our DeFi tokenization, avail of ERC20, ERC721 & NFT tokens for your assets. DeFi Crowdfunding Platform Development Although a relatively new sector, DeFi crowdfunding has become the go-to mode of aggregating funds to support businesses and start-ups. Our DeFi Crowdfunding platform services come with additional benefits in the likes of tax benefits, instant approval, fundraising calendars and more. DeFi Real Estate Platform Development DeFi has revolutionized the ways of real estate management. Now real estate owners and investors, with the help of blockchain based tokens, can make property investment seamless and manageable. With fractional ownership, financial inclusivity is now possible. DeFi ICO Development One of the leading fundraising methods, DeFi ICO services are distinguished. Creating utile tokens, community management, escalating coin value, and launching projects with diligence & guidance from market analysts and blockchain experts is inclusive of our ICO Development. DeFi Exchange Development Offering users a plethora of apparent benefits, DEXs are the prized innovation of DeFi. Offering high-end security, durable liquidity, complete anonymity and financial inclusivity, DEXs make trading and transacting crypto accessible and lucrative for crypto enthusiasts. DeFi Protocol Like Yearn. Finance Yearn. Finance offers the best APY the market has to offer by referring to popular exchanges. This protocol offers its users the best yields in a highly secure network. With in-built smart contracts and an open source code, it supports a range of Stablecoins offering huge returns. DeFi Protocol Like AAve The DeFi protocol Aave offers crypto traders a robust platform for lending and borrowing of crypto for which they earn high interests. The highlight feature of Aave - Flash loans and flexible interest rates make it a profitable platform for crypto traders. DeFi Exchange Like 1inch 1inch exchange now has the reputation of being the DEX offering users the lowest slippage. As an aggregator, 1inch connects several exchanges to one platform in a non-custodial ecosystem. With governance and farming features, trading on 1inch remains prominent.
wuyou33 / Distributed EV Charge SchedulingDistributed EV Charge Scheduling Algorithms
massenz / DistlibImplementation of popular Distributed Systems algorithms in C++
ZPGuiGroupWhu / Spark Based Ripley K FunctionsA visual analytics framework for Distributed Ripley's K functions based on Apache Spark, including Space K function, Space-Time K function, Local K function and Cross K function. This framework consists of three parts, i.e., front-end web visualization components, Web service API component and back-end Spark-based algorithm packages.
langyastudio / Langya DocA lot of core knowledge that programmers need to know, such as java, php, c++, jvm, algorithms, redis, mysql, elasticsearch, rpc, dubbo, message-queue, distributed-systems, spring-cloud etc.
