104 skills found · Page 2 of 4
hiteshsuthar01 / OK <html lang="en-US"><head><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="https://script.4dex.io/localstore.js"></script> <title>HTML p tag</title> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="Keywords" content="HTML, Python, CSS, SQL, JavaScript, How to, PHP, Java, C, C++, C#, jQuery, Bootstrap, Colors, W3.CSS, XML, MySQL, Icons, NodeJS, React, Graphics, Angular, R, AI, Git, Data Science, Code Game, Tutorials, Programming, Web Development, Training, Learning, Quiz, Exercises, Courses, Lessons, References, Examples, Learn to code, Source code, Demos, Tips, Website"> <meta name="Description" content="Well organized and easy to understand Web building tutorials with lots of examples of how to use HTML, CSS, JavaScript, SQL, Python, PHP, Bootstrap, Java, XML and more."> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.w3schools.com/images/w3schools_logo_436_2.png"> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="436"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="228"> <meta property="og:description" content="W3Schools offers free online tutorials, references and exercises in all the major languages of the web. Covering popular subjects like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, SQL, Java, and many, many more."> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <link rel="preload" href="/lib/fonts/fontawesome.woff2?14663396" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""> <link rel="preload" href="/lib/fonts/source-code-pro-v14-latin-regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""> <link rel="preload" href="/lib/fonts/roboto-mono-v13-latin-500.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""> <link rel="preload" href="/lib/fonts/source-sans-pro-v14-latin-700.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""> <link rel="preload" href="/lib/fonts/source-sans-pro-v14-latin-600.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""> <link rel="preload" href="/lib/fonts/freckle-face-v9-latin-regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/w3schools30.css"> <script async="" src="//confiant-integrations.global.ssl.fastly.net/prebid/202204201359/wrap.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://confiant-integrations.global.ssl.fastly.net/t_Qv_vWzcBDsyn934F1E0MWBb1c/prebid/config.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="https://www.google-analytics.com/gtm/js?id=GTM-WJ88MZ5&cid=1308236804.1650718121"></script><script async="" src="https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js"></script><script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-3855518-1', 'auto'); ga('require', 'displayfeatures'); ga('require', 'GTM-WJ88MZ5'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script src="/lib/uic.js?v=1.0.3"></script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> var k42 = false; k42 = true; </script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> window.snigelPubConf = { "adengine": { "activeAdUnits": ["main_leaderboard", "sidebar_top", "bottom_left", "bottom_right"] } } uic_r_a() </script> <script async="" data-cfasync="false" src="https://cdn.snigelweb.com/adengine/w3schools.com/loader.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/lib/my-learning.js?v=1.0.9"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var stickyadstatus = ""; function fix_stickyad() { document.getElementById("stickypos").style.position = "sticky"; var elem = document.getElementById("stickyadcontainer"); if (!elem) {return false;} if (document.getElementById("skyscraper")) { var skyWidth = Number(w3_getStyleValue(document.getElementById("skyscraper"), "width").replace("px", "")); } else { var skyWidth = Number(w3_getStyleValue(document.getElementById("right"), "width").replace("px", "")); } elem.style.width = skyWidth + "px"; if (window.innerWidth <= 992) { elem.style.position = ""; elem.style.top = stickypos + "px"; return false; } var stickypos = document.getElementById("stickypos").offsetTop; var docTop = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop || document.body.scrollTop; var adHeight = Number(w3_getStyleValue(elem, "height").replace("px", "")); if (stickyadstatus == "") { if ((stickypos - docTop) < 60) { elem.style.position = "fixed"; elem.style.top = "60px"; stickyadstatus = "sticky"; document.getElementById("stickypos").style.position = "sticky"; } } else { if ((docTop + 60) - stickypos < 0) { elem.style.position = ""; elem.style.top = stickypos + "px"; stickyadstatus = ""; document.getElementById("stickypos").style.position = "static"; } } if (stickyadstatus == "sticky") { if ((docTop + adHeight + 60) > document.getElementById("footer").offsetTop) { elem.style.position = "absolute"; elem.style.top = (document.getElementById("footer").offsetTop - adHeight) + "px"; document.getElementById("stickypos").style.position = "static"; } else { elem.style.position = "fixed"; elem.style.top = "60px"; stickyadstatus = "sticky"; document.getElementById("stickypos").style.position = "sticky"; } } } function w3_getStyleValue(elmnt,style) { if (window.getComputedStyle) { return window.getComputedStyle(elmnt,null).getPropertyValue(style); } else { return elmnt.currentStyle[style]; } } </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/browserref.css"> <script type="text/javascript" async="" src="//cdn.snigelweb.com/prebid/5.20.2/prebid.js?v=3547-1650632016452"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="https://adengine.snigelweb.com/w3schools.com/3547-1650632016452/adngin.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="//cdn.snigelweb.com/argus/argus.js"></script><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="AxujKG9INjsZ8/gUq8+dTruNvk7RjZQ1oFhhgQbcTJKDnZfbzSTE81wvC2Hzaf3TW4avA76LTZEMdiedF1vIbA4AAABueyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2ltYXNkay5nb29nbGVhcGlzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiVHJ1c3RUb2tlbnMiLCJleHBpcnkiOjE2NTI3NzQ0MDAsImlzVGhpcmRQYXJ0eSI6dHJ1ZX0="><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="Azuce85ORtSnWe1MZDTv68qpaW3iHyfL9YbLRy0cwcCZwVnePnOmkUJlG8HGikmOwhZU22dElCcfrfX2HhrBPAkAAAB7eyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2RvdWJsZWNsaWNrLm5ldDo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiVHJ1c3RUb2tlbnMiLCJleHBpcnkiOjE2NTI3NzQ0MDAsImlzU3ViZG9tYWluIjp0cnVlLCJpc1RoaXJkUGFydHkiOnRydWV9"><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A16nvcdeoOAqrJcmjLRpl1I6f3McDD8EfofAYTt/P/H4/AWwB99nxiPp6kA0fXoiZav908Z8etuL16laFPUdfQsAAACBeyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXRhZ3NlcnZpY2VzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiVHJ1c3RUb2tlbnMiLCJleHBpcnkiOjE2NTI3NzQ0MDAsImlzU3ViZG9tYWluIjp0cnVlLCJpc1RoaXJkUGFydHkiOnRydWV9"><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="AxBHdr0J44vFBQtZUqX9sjiqf5yWZ/OcHRcRMN3H9TH+t90V/j3ENW6C8+igBZFXMJ7G3Pr8Dd13632aLng42wgAAACBeyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXN5bmRpY2F0aW9uLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiVHJ1c3RUb2tlbnMiLCJleHBpcnkiOjE2NTI3NzQ0MDAsImlzU3ViZG9tYWluIjp0cnVlLCJpc1RoaXJkUGFydHkiOnRydWV9"><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A88BWHFjcawUfKU3lIejLoryXoyjooBXLgWmGh+hNcqMK44cugvsI5YZbNarYvi3roc1fYbHA1AVbhAtuHZflgEAAAB2eyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZS5jb206NDQzIiwiZmVhdHVyZSI6IlRydXN0VG9rZW5zIiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjUyNzc0NDAwLCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlfQ=="><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="AzoawhTRDevLR66Y6MROu167EDncFPBvcKOaQispTo9ouEt5LvcBjnRFqiAByRT+2cDHG1Yj4dXwpLeIhc98/gIAAACFeyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2RvdWJsZWNsaWNrLm5ldDo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiUHJpdmFjeVNhbmRib3hBZHNBUElzIiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjYxMjk5MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlfQ=="><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A6+nc62kbJgC46ypOwRsNW6RkDn2x7tgRh0wp7jb3DtFF7oEhu1hhm4rdZHZ6zXvnKZLlYcBlQUImC4d3kKihAcAAACLeyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXN5bmRpY2F0aW9uLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiUHJpdmFjeVNhbmRib3hBZHNBUElzIiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjYxMjk5MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlfQ=="><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A/9La288e7MDEU2ifusFnMg1C2Ij6uoa/Z/ylwJIXSsWfK37oESIPbxbt4IU86OGqDEPnNVruUiMjfKo65H/CQwAAACLeyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXRhZ3NlcnZpY2VzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiUHJpdmFjeVNhbmRib3hBZHNBUElzIiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjYxMjk5MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlfQ=="><script src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/gpt/pubads_impl_2022042001.js?cb=31067210" async=""></script><argprec0></argprec0><argprec1></argprec1><style type="text/css">.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-inner {background-color:#fffefe!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-b-def {border-color:#04aa6d!important;color:#04aa6d!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-b-def.sn-blue {color:#ffffff!important;background-color:#04aa6d!important;border-color:#04aa6d!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-selector ul li {color:#04aa6d!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-selector ul li:after {background-color:#04aa6d!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-footer-tab .sn-privacy a {color:#04aa6d!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-arrow:after,.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-arrow:before {background-color:#04aa6d!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-switch input:checked + span::before {background-color:#04aa6d!important;}#adconsent-usp-link {border: 1px solid #04aa6d!important;color:#04aa6d!important;}#adconsent-usp-banner-optout input:checked + .adconsent-usp-slider {background-color:#04aa6d!important;}#adconsent-usp-banner-btn {color:#ffffff;border: solid 1px #04aa6d!important;background-color:#04aa6d!important; }</style><link rel="preload" href="https://adservice.google.co.in/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com" as="script"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://adservice.google.co.in/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com"></script><link rel="preload" href="https://adservice.google.com/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com" as="script"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://adservice.google.com/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com"></script><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A4/Htern2udN9w3yJK9QgWQxQFruxOXsXL7cW60DyCl0EZFGCSme/J33Q/WzF7bBkVvhEWDlcBiUyZaim5CpFQwAAACceyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXRhZ3NlcnZpY2VzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiQ29udmVyc2lvbk1lYXN1cmVtZW50IiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjQzMTU1MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlLCJ1c2FnZSI6InN1YnNldCJ9"><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A4/Htern2udN9w3yJK9QgWQxQFruxOXsXL7cW60DyCl0EZFGCSme/J33Q/WzF7bBkVvhEWDlcBiUyZaim5CpFQwAAACceyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXRhZ3NlcnZpY2VzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiQ29udmVyc2lvbk1lYXN1cmVtZW50IiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjQzMTU1MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlLCJ1c2FnZSI6InN1YnNldCJ9"><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A4/Htern2udN9w3yJK9QgWQxQFruxOXsXL7cW60DyCl0EZFGCSme/J33Q/WzF7bBkVvhEWDlcBiUyZaim5CpFQwAAACceyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXRhZ3NlcnZpY2VzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiQ29udmVyc2lvbk1lYXN1cmVtZW50IiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjQzMTU1MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlLCJ1c2FnZSI6InN1YnNldCJ9"><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A4/Htern2udN9w3yJK9QgWQxQFruxOXsXL7cW60DyCl0EZFGCSme/J33Q/WzF7bBkVvhEWDlcBiUyZaim5CpFQwAAACceyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXRhZ3NlcnZpY2VzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiQ29udmVyc2lvbk1lYXN1cmVtZW50IiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjQzMTU1MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlLCJ1c2FnZSI6InN1YnNldCJ9"><link rel="preload" href="https://adservice.google.co.in/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com" as="script"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://adservice.google.co.in/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com"></script><link rel="preload" href="https://adservice.google.com/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com" as="script"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://adservice.google.com/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com"></script></head> <body> <style> #darkmodemenu { position:absolute; top:-40px; right:16px; padding:5px 20px 10px 18px; border-bottom-left-radius:5px; border-bottom-right-radius:5px; z-index:-1; transition: top 0.2s; user-select: none; } #darkmodemenu input,#darkmodemenu label { cursor:pointer; } </style> <script> ( function setThemeMode() { var x = localStorage.getItem("preferredmode"); var y = localStorage.getItem("preferredpagemode"); if (x == "dark") { document.body.className += " darktheme"; ga('send', 'event', 'theme' , "darkcode"); } if (y == "dark") { document.body.className += " darkpagetheme"; ga('send', 'event', 'theme' , "darkpage"); } })(); </script> <div id="pagetop" class="w3-bar w3-card-2 notranslate"> <a href="https://www.w3schools.com" class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-hover-none w3-left w3-padding-16" title="Home" style="width:77px"> <i class="fa fa-logo ws-text-green ws-hover-text-green" style="position:relative;font-size:42px!important;"></i> </a> <style> @media screen and (max-width: 1080px) { .ws-hide-1080 { ddddisplay: none !important; } } @media screen and (max-width: 1160px) { .topnavmain_video { display: none !important; } } </style> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-hide-small barex bar-item-hover w3-padding-24" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="w3_open_nav('tutorials')" id="navbtn_tutorials" title="Tutorials" style="width:116px">Tutorials <i class="fa fa-caret-down" style="font-size: 20px; display: inline;"></i><i class="fa fa-caret-up" style="display:none"></i></a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-hide-small barex bar-item-hover w3-padding-24" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="w3_open_nav('references')" id="navbtn_references" title="References" style="width:132px">References <i class="fa fa-caret-down" style="font-size: 20px; display: inline;"></i><i class="fa fa-caret-up" style="display:none"></i></a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-hide-small barex bar-item-hover w3-padding-24 ws-hide-800" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="w3_open_nav('exercises')" id="navbtn_exercises" title="Exercises" style="width:118px">Exercises <i class="fa fa-caret-down" style="font-size: 20px; display: inline;"></i><i class="fa fa-caret-up" style="display:none"></i></a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-hide-medium bar-item-hover w3-hide-small w3-padding-24 barex topnavmain_video" href="https://www.w3schools.com/videos/index.php" title="Video Tutorials" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Videos' , 'fromTopnavMain')">Videos</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-hide-medium bar-item-hover w3-hide-small w3-padding-24 barex" href="/pro/index.php" title="Go Pro" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Pro' , 'fromTopnavMainASP')">Pro <span class="ribbon-topnav ws-hide-1080">NEW</span></a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button bar-item-hover w3-padding-24" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="w3_open()" id="navbtn_menu" title="Menu" style="width:93px">Menu <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i><i class="fa fa-caret-up" style="display:none"></i></a> <div id="loginactioncontainer" class="w3-right w3-padding-16" style="margin-left:50px"> <div id="mypagediv" style="display: none;"></div> <!-- <button id="w3loginbtn" style="border:none;display:none;cursor:pointer" class="login w3-right w3-hover-greener" onclick='w3_open_nav("login")'>LOG IN</button>--> <a id="w3loginbtn" class="w3-bar-item w3-btn bar-item-hover w3-right" style="display: inline; width: 130px; background-color: rgb(4, 170, 109); color: white; border-radius: 25px;" href="https://profile.w3schools.com/log-in?redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fmy-learning.w3schools.com" target="_self">Log in</a> </div> <div class="w3-right w3-padding-16"> <!--<a class="w3-bar-item w3-button bar-icon-hover w3-right w3-hover-white w3-hide-large w3-hide-medium" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="w3_open()" title="Menu"><i class='fa'></i></a> --> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button bar-item-hover w3-right w3-hide-small barex" style="width: 140px; border-radius: 25px; margin-right: 15px;" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/" target="_blank" id="cert_navbtn" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on courses in Main top navigation');" title="Courses">Paid Courses</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button bar-item-hover w3-right ws-hide-900 w3-hide-small barex ws-pink" style="border-radius: 25px; margin-right: 15px;" href="https://www.w3schools.com/spaces" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'spacesFromTopnavMain', 'click');" title="Get Your Own Website With W3Schools Spaces">Website <span class="ribbon-topnav ws-hide-1066">NEW</span></a> </div> </div> <div style="display: none; position: fixed; z-index: 4; right: 52px; height: 44px; background-color: rgb(40, 42, 53); letter-spacing: normal; top: 0px;" id="googleSearch"> <div class="gcse-search"></div> </div> <div style="display: none; position: fixed; z-index: 3; right: 111px; height: 44px; background-color: rgb(40, 42, 53); text-align: right; padding-top: 9px; top: 0px;" id="google_translate_element"></div> <div class="w3-card-2 topnav notranslate" id="topnav" style="position: fixed; top: 0px;"> <div style="overflow:auto;"> <div class="w3-bar w3-left" style="width:100%;overflow:hidden;height:44px"> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="topnav-icons fa fa-menu w3-hide-large w3-left w3-bar-item w3-button" onclick="open_menu()" title="Menu"></a> <a href="/default.asp" class="topnav-icons fa fa-home w3-left w3-bar-item w3-button" title="Home"></a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/html/default.asp" title="HTML Tutorial" style="padding-left:18px!important;padding-right:18px!important;">HTML</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/css/default.asp" title="CSS Tutorial">CSS</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/default.asp" title="JavaScript Tutorial">JAVASCRIPT</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sql/default.asp" title="SQL Tutorial">SQL</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/default.asp" title="Python Tutorial">PYTHON</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/php/default.asp" title="PHP Tutorial">PHP</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_ver.asp" title="Bootstrap Tutorial">BOOTSTRAP</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/howto/default.asp" title="How To">HOW TO</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3css/default.asp" title="W3.CSS Tutorial">W3.CSS</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/java/default.asp" title="Java Tutorial">JAVA</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jquery/default.asp" title="jQuery Tutorial">JQUERY</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/c/index.php" title="C Tutorial">C</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cpp/default.asp" title="C++ Tutorial">C++</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cs/index.php" title="C# Tutorial">C#</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/r/default.asp" title="R Tutorial">R</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/react/default.asp" title="React Tutorial">React</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="topnav-icons fa w3-right w3-bar-item w3-button" onclick="gSearch(this)" title="Search W3Schools"></a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="topnav-icons fa w3-right w3-bar-item w3-button" onclick="gTra(this)" title="Translate W3Schools"></a> <!-- <a href='javascript:void(0);' class='topnav-icons fa w3-right w3-bar-item w3-button' onclick='changecodetheme(this)' title='Toggle Dark Code Examples'></a>--> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="topnav-icons fa w3-right w3-bar-item w3-button" onmouseover="mouseoverdarkicon()" onmouseout="mouseoutofdarkicon()" onclick="changepagetheme(2)"></a> <!-- <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-right" id='topnavbtn_exercises' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick='w3_open_nav("exercises")' title='Exercises'>EXERCISES <i class='fa fa-caret-down'></i><i class='fa fa-caret-up' style='display:none'></i></a> --> </div> <div id="darkmodemenu" class="ws-black" onmouseover="mouseoverdarkicon()" onmouseout="mouseoutofdarkicon()" style="top: -40px;"> <input id="radio_darkpage" type="checkbox" name="radio_theme_mode" onclick="click_darkpage()"><label for="radio_darkpage"> Dark mode</label> <br> <input id="radio_darkcode" type="checkbox" name="radio_theme_mode" onclick="click_darkcode()"><label for="radio_darkcode"> Dark code</label> </div> <nav id="nav_tutorials" class="w3-hide-small" style="position: absolute; padding-bottom: 60px; display: none;"> <div class="w3-content" style="max-width:1100px;font-size:18px"> <span onclick="w3_close_nav('tutorials')" class="w3-button w3-xxxlarge w3-display-topright w3-hover-white sectionxsclosenavspan" style="padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;">×</span><br> <div class="w3-row-padding w3-bar-block"> <div class="w3-container" style="padding-left:13px"> <h2 style="color:#FFF4A3;"><b>Tutorials</b></h2> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">HTML and CSS</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/html/default.asp">Learn HTML</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/css/default.asp">Learn CSS</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/css/css_rwd_intro.asp" title="Responsive Web Design">Learn RWD</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_ver.asp">Learn Bootstrap</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3css/default.asp">Learn W3.CSS</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/colors/default.asp">Learn Colors</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/icons/default.asp">Learn Icons</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/graphics/default.asp">Learn Graphics</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/graphics/svg_intro.asp">Learn SVG</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/graphics/canvas_intro.asp">Learn Canvas</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/howto/default.asp">Learn How To</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sass/default.php">Learn Sass</a> <div class="w3-hide-large w3-hide-small"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Data Analytics</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/ai/default.asp">Learn AI</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/python_ml_getting_started.asp">Learn Machine Learning</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/datascience/default.asp">Learn Data Science</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/numpy/default.asp">Learn NumPy</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/pandas/default.asp">Learn Pandas</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/scipy/index.php">Learn SciPy</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/matplotlib_intro.asp">Learn Matplotlib</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/statistics/index.php">Learn Statistics</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/excel/index.php">Learn Excel</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">XML Tutorials</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/default.asp">Learn XML</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/ajax_intro.asp">Learn XML AJAX</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/dom_intro.asp">Learn XML DOM</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xml_dtd_intro.asp">Learn XML DTD</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/schema_intro.asp">Learn XML Schema</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xsl_intro.asp">Learn XSLT</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xpath_intro.asp">Learn XPath</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xquery_intro.asp">Learn XQuery</a> </div> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">JavaScript</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/default.asp">Learn JavaScript</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jquery/default.asp">Learn jQuery</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/react/default.asp">Learn React</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/angular/default.asp">Learn AngularJS</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/js_json_intro.asp">Learn JSON</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/js_ajax_intro.asp">Learn AJAX</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/appml/default.asp">Learn AppML</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3js/default.asp">Learn W3.JS</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Programming</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/default.asp">Learn Python</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/java/default.asp">Learn Java</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/c/index.php">Learn C</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cpp/default.asp">Learn C++</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cs/index.php">Learn C#</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/r/default.asp">Learn R</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/kotlin/index.php">Learn Kotlin</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/go/index.php">Learn Go</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/django/index.php">Learn Django</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/typescript/index.php">Learn TypeScript</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Server Side</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sql/default.asp">Learn SQL</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/mysql/default.asp">Learn MySQL</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/php/default.asp">Learn PHP</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/asp/default.asp">Learn ASP</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/nodejs/default.asp">Learn Node.js</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/nodejs/nodejs_raspberrypi.asp">Learn Raspberry Pi</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/git/default.asp">Learn Git</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/aws/index.php">Learn AWS Cloud</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Web Building</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://www.w3schools.com/spaces" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'spacesFromTutorialsAcc', 'click');" title="Get Your Own Website With W3schools Spaces">Create a Website <span class="ribbon-topnav ws-yellow">NEW</span></a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/where_to_start.asp">Where To Start</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3css/w3css_templates.asp">Web Templates</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/browsers/default.asp">Web Statistics</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/default.asp">Web Certificates</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/whatis/default.asp">Web Development</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/tryit/default.asp">Code Editor</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/typingspeed/default.asp">Test Your Typing Speed</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/codegame/index.html" target="_blank">Play a Code Game</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cybersecurity/index.php">Cyber Security</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/accessibility/index.php">Accessibility</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6 w3-hide-medium"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Data Analytics</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/ai/default.asp">Learn AI</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/python_ml_getting_started.asp">Learn Machine Learning</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/datascience/default.asp">Learn Data Science</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/numpy/default.asp">Learn NumPy</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/pandas/default.asp">Learn Pandas</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/scipy/index.php">Learn SciPy</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/matplotlib_intro.asp">Learn Matplotlib</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/statistics/index.php">Learn Statistics</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/excel/index.php">Learn Excel</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/googlesheets/index.php">Learn Google Sheets</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">XML Tutorials</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/default.asp">Learn XML</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/ajax_intro.asp">Learn XML AJAX</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/dom_intro.asp">Learn XML DOM</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xml_dtd_intro.asp">Learn XML DTD</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/schema_intro.asp">Learn XML Schema</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xsl_intro.asp">Learn XSLT</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xpath_intro.asp">Learn XPath</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xquery_intro.asp">Learn XQuery</a> </div> </div> </div> <br class="hidesm"> </nav> <nav id="nav_references" class="w3-hide-small" style="position: absolute; padding-bottom: 60px; display: none;"> <div class="w3-content" style="max-width:1100px;font-size:18px"> <span onclick="w3_close_nav('references')" class="w3-button w3-xxxlarge w3-display-topright w3-hover-white sectionxsclosenavspan" style="padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;">×</span><br> <div class="w3-row-padding w3-bar-block"> <div class="w3-container" style="padding-left:13px"> <h2 style="color:#FFF4A3;"><b>References</b></h2> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">HTML</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/tags/default.asp">HTML Tag Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/tags/ref_html_browsersupport.asp">HTML Browser Support</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/tags/ref_eventattributes.asp">HTML Event Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/colors/default.asp">HTML Color Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/tags/ref_attributes.asp">HTML Attribute Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/tags/ref_canvas.asp">HTML Canvas Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/graphics/svg_reference.asp">HTML SVG Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/graphics/google_maps_reference.asp">Google Maps Reference</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">CSS</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cssref/default.asp">CSS Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cssref/css3_browsersupport.asp">CSS Browser Support</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cssref/css_selectors.asp">CSS Selector Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_ref_all_classes.asp">Bootstrap 3 Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap4/bootstrap_ref_all_classes.asp">Bootstrap 4 Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3css/w3css_references.asp">W3.CSS Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/icons/icons_reference.asp">Icon Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sass/sass_functions_string.php">Sass Reference</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">JavaScript</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jsref/default.asp">JavaScript Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jsref/default.asp">HTML DOM Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jquery/jquery_ref_overview.asp">jQuery Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/angular/angular_ref_directives.asp">AngularJS Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/appml/appml_reference.asp">AppML Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3js/w3js_references.asp">W3.JS Reference</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Programming</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/python_reference.asp">Python Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/java/java_ref_keywords.asp">Java Reference</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Server Side</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sql/sql_ref_keywords.asp">SQL Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/mysql/mysql_ref_functions.asp">MySQL Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/php/php_ref_overview.asp">PHP Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/asp/asp_ref_response.asp">ASP Reference</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">XML</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/dom_nodetype.asp">XML DOM Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/dom_http.asp">XML Http Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xsl_elementref.asp">XSLT Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/schema_elements_ref.asp">XML Schema Reference</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Character Sets</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/default.asp">HTML Character Sets</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/ref_html_ascii.asp">HTML ASCII</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/ref_html_ansi.asp">HTML ANSI</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/ref_html_ansi.asp">HTML Windows-1252</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/ref_html_8859.asp">HTML ISO-8859-1</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/ref_html_symbols.asp">HTML Symbols</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/ref_html_utf8.asp">HTML UTF-8</a> </div> </div> <br class="hidesm"> </div> </nav> <nav id="nav_exercises" class="w3-hide-small" style="position: absolute; padding-bottom: 60px; display: none;"> <div class="w3-content" style="max-width:1100px;font-size:18px"> <span onclick="w3_close_nav('exercises')" class="w3-button w3-xxxlarge w3-display-topright w3-hover-white sectionxsclosenavspan" style="padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;">×</span><br> <div class="w3-row-padding w3-bar-block"> <div class="w3-container" style="padding-left:13px"> <h2 style="color:#FFF4A3;"><b>Exercises and Quizzes</b></h2> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top"><a class="ws-btn ws-yellow w3-hover-text-white" style="width:155px;font-size:21px" href="/exercises/index.php">Exercises</a></h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/html/html_exercises.asp">HTML Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/css/css_exercises.asp">CSS Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/js_exercises.asp">JavaScript Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sql/sql_exercises.asp">SQL Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/mysql/mysql_exercises.asp">MySQL Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/php/php_exercises.asp">PHP Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/python_exercises.asp">Python Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/numpy/numpy_exercises.asp">NumPy Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/pandas/pandas_exercises.asp">Pandas Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/scipy/scipy_exercises.php">SciPy Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jquery/jquery_exercises.asp">jQuery Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/java/java_exercises.asp">Java Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cpp/cpp_exercises.asp">C++ Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cs/cs_exercises.asp">C# Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/r/r_exercises.asp">R Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/kotlin/kotlin_exercises.php">Kotlin Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/go/go_exercises.php">Go Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_exercises.asp">Bootstrap Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap4/bootstrap_exercises.asp">Bootstrap 4 Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap5/bootstrap_exercises.php">Bootstrap 5 Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/git/git_exercises.asp">Git Exercises</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top"><a class="ws-btn ws-yellow w3-hover-text-white" style="width:135px;font-size:21px" href="/quiztest/default.asp">Quizzes</a></h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/html/html_quiz.asp" target="_top">HTML Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/css/css_quiz.asp" target="_top">CSS Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/js_quiz.asp" target="_top">JavaScript Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sql/sql_quiz.asp" target="_top">SQL Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/mysql/mysql_quiz.asp" target="_top">MySQL Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/php/php_quiz.asp" target="_top">PHP Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/python_quiz.asp" target="_top">Python Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/numpy/numpy_quiz.asp" target="_top">NumPy Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/pandas/pandas_quiz.asp" target="_top">Pandas Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/scipy/scipy_quiz.php" target="_top">SciPy Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jquery/jquery_quiz.asp" target="_top">jQuery Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/java/java_quiz.asp" target="_top">Java Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cpp/cpp_quiz.asp" target="_top">C++ Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cs/cs_quiz.asp" target="_top">C# Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/r/r_quiz.asp" target="_top">R Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/kotlin/kotlin_quiz.php" target="_top">Kotlin Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xml_quiz.asp" target="_top">XML Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_quiz.asp" target="_top">Bootstrap Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap4/bootstrap_quiz.asp" target="_top">Bootstrap 4 Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap5/bootstrap_quiz.php" target="_top">Bootstrap 5 Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cybersecurity/cybersecurity_quiz.php">Cyber Security Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/accessibility/accessibility_quiz.php">Accessibility Quiz</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top"><a class="ws-btn ws-yellow w3-hover-text-white" style="width:135px;font-size:21px" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Courses</a></h3> <!-- cert <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_html_new.asp" target="_top">HTML Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_css.asp" target="_top">CSS Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_javascript.asp" target="_top">JavaScript Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_sql.asp" target="_top">SQL Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_php.asp" target="_top">PHP Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_python.asp" target="_top">Python Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_bootstrap.asp" target="_top">Bootstrap Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_jquery.asp" target="_top">jQuery Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_xml.asp" target="_top">XML Certificate</a> --> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/html" target="_blank">HTML Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/css" target="_blank">CSS Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/javascript" target="_blank">JavaScript Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/programs/front-end" target="_blank">Front End Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/sql" target="_blank">SQL Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/php" target="_blank">PHP Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/python" target="_blank">Python Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/numpy-fundamentals" target="_blank">NumPy Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/pandas-fundamentals" target="_blank">Pandas Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/programs/data-analytics" target="_blank">Data Analytics Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/jquery" target="_blank">jQuery Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/java" target="_blank">Java Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/cplusplus" target="_blank">C++ Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/c-sharp" target="_blank">C# Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/r-fundamentals" target="_blank">R Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/xml" target="_blank">XML Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/introduction-to-cyber-security" target="_blank">Cyber Security Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/accessibility-fundamentals" target="_blank">Accessibility Course</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top"><a class="ws-btn ws-yellow w3-hover-text-white" style="width:150px;font-size:21px" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications" target="_blank">Certificates</a></h3> <!-- cert <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_html_new.asp" target="_top">HTML Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_css.asp" target="_top">CSS Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_javascript.asp" target="_top">JavaScript Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_sql.asp" target="_top">SQL Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_php.asp" target="_top">PHP Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_python.asp" target="_top">Python Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_bootstrap.asp" target="_top">Bootstrap Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_jquery.asp" target="_top">jQuery Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_xml.asp" target="_top">XML Certificate</a> --> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/html-certification-exam" target="_blank">HTML Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/css-certification-exam" target="_blank">CSS Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/javascript-certification-exam" target="_blank">JavaScript Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/front-end-certification-exam" target="_blank">Front End Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/sql-certification-exam" target="_blank">SQL Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/php-certification-exam" target="_blank">PHP Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/python-certificaftion-exam" target="_blank">Python Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/data-science-certification-exam" target="_blank">Data Science Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/bootstrap-3-certification-exam" target="_blank">Bootstrap 3 Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/bootstrap-4-certification-exam" target="_blank">Bootstrap 4 Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/jquery-certification-exam" target="_blank">jQuery Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/java-certification-exam" target="_blank">Java Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/c-certification-exam" target="_blank">C++ Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/react-certification-exam" target="_blank">React Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/xml-certification-exam" target="_blank">XML Certificate</a> </div> </div> <br class="hidesm"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="myAccordion" class="w3-card-2 w3-center w3-hide-large w3-hide-medium ws-grey" style="width: 100%; position: absolute; display: none; padding-top: 44px;"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="w3_close()" class="w3-button w3-xxlarge w3-right">×</a><br> <div class="w3-container w3-padding-32"> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" onclick="open_xs_menu('tutorials');" href="javascript:void(0);">Tutorials <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></a> <div id="sectionxs_tutorials" class="w3-left-align w3-show" style="background-color:#282A35;color:white;"></div> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" onclick="open_xs_menu('references')" href="javascript:void(0);">References <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></a> <div id="sectionxs_references" class="w3-left-align w3-show" style="background-color:#282A35;color:white;"></div> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" onclick="open_xs_menu('exercises')" href="javascript:void(0);">Exercises <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></a> <div id="sectionxs_exercises" class="w3-left-align w3-show" style="background-color:#282A35;color:white;"></div> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" href="/cert/default.asp" target="_blank">Paid Courses</a> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" href="https://www.w3schools.com/spaces" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'spacesFromTutorialsAcc', 'click');" title="Get Your Own Website With W3schools Spaces">Spaces</a> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" target="_blank" href="https://www.w3schools.com/videos/index.php" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Videos' , 'fromTopnavMain')" title="Video Tutorials">Videos</a> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" href="https://shop.w3schools.com" target="_blank">Shop</a> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" href="/pro/index.php">Pro</a> </div> </div> <script> ( function setThemeCheckboxes() { var x = localStorage.getItem("preferredmode"); var y = localStorage.getItem("preferredpagemode"); if (x == "dark") { document.getElementById("radio_darkcode").checked = true; } if (y == "dark") { document.getElementById("radio_darkpage").checked = true; } })(); function mouseoverdarkicon() { if(window.matchMedia("(pointer: coarse)").matches) { return false; } var a = document.getElementById("darkmodemenu"); a.style.top = "44px"; } function mouseoutofdarkicon() { var a = document.getElementById("darkmodemenu"); a.style.top = "-40px"; } function changepagetheme(n) { var a = document.getElementById("radio_darkcode"); var b = document.getElementById("radio_darkpage"); document.body.className = document.body.className.replace("darktheme", ""); document.body.className = document.body.className.replace("darkpagetheme", ""); document.body.className = document.body.className.replace(" ", " "); if (a.checked && b.checked) { localStorage.setItem("preferredmode", "light"); localStorage.setItem("preferredpagemode", "light"); a.checked = false; b.checked = false; } else { document.body.className += " darktheme"; document.body.className += " darkpagetheme"; localStorage.setItem("preferredmode", "dark"); localStorage.setItem("preferredpagemode", "dark"); a.checked = true; b.checked = true; } } function click_darkpage() { var b = document.getElementById("radio_darkpage"); if (b.checked) { document.body.className += " darkpagetheme"; document.body.className = document.body.className.replace(" ", " "); localStorage.setItem("preferredpagemode", "dark"); } else { document.body.className = document.body.className.replace("darkpagetheme", ""); document.body.className = document.body.className.replace(" ", " "); localStorage.setItem("preferredpagemode", "light"); } } function click_darkcode() { var a = document.getElementById("radio_darkcode"); if (a.checked) { document.body.className += " darktheme"; document.body.className = document.body.className.replace(" ", " "); localStorage.setItem("preferredmode", "dark"); } else { document.body.className = document.body.className.replace("darktheme", ""); document.body.className = document.body.className.replace(" ", " "); localStorage.setItem("preferredmode", "light"); } } </script> <div class="w3-sidebar w3-collapse" id="sidenav" style="top: 44px; display: none;"> <div id="leftmenuinner" style="padding-top: 44px;"> <div id="leftmenuinnerinner"> <!-- <a href='javascript:void(0)' onclick='close_menu()' class='w3-button w3-hide-large w3-large w3-display-topright' style='right:16px;padding:3px 12px;font-weight:bold;'>×</a>--> <h2 class="left"><span class="left_h2">HTML</span> Reference</h2> <a target="_top" href="default.asp">HTML by Alphabet</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_byfunc.asp">HTML by Category</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_html_browsersupport.asp">HTML Browser Support</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_attributes.asp">HTML Attributes</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_standardattributes.asp">HTML Global Attributes</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_eventattributes.asp">HTML Events</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_colornames.asp">HTML Colors</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_canvas.asp">HTML Canvas</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_av_dom.asp">HTML Audio/Video</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_charactersets.asp">HTML Character Sets</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_html_dtd.asp">HTML Doctypes</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_urlencode.asp">HTML URL Encode</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_language_codes.asp">HTML Language Codes</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_country_codes.asp">HTML Country Codes</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_httpmessages.asp">HTTP Messages</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_httpmethods.asp">HTTP Methods</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_pxtoemconversion.asp">PX to EM Converter</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_keyboardshortcuts.asp">Keyboard Shortcuts</a> <br> <div class="notranslate"> <h2 class="left"><span class="left_h2">HTML</span> Tags</h2> <a target="_top" href="tag_comment.asp"><!--></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_doctype.asp"><!DOCTYPE></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_a.asp"><a></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_abbr.asp"><abbr></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_acronym.asp"><acronym></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_address.asp"><address></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_applet.asp"><applet></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_area.asp"><area></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_article.asp"><article></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_aside.asp"><aside></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_audio.asp"><audio></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_b.asp"><b></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_base.asp"><base></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_basefont.asp"><basefont></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_bdi.asp"><bdi></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_bdo.asp"><bdo></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_big.asp"><big></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_blockquote.asp"><blockquote></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_body.asp"><body></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_br.asp"><br></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_button.asp"><button></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_canvas.asp"><canvas></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_caption.asp"><caption></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_center.asp"><center></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_cite.asp"><cite></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_code.asp"><code></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_col.asp"><col></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_colgroup.asp"><colgroup></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_data.asp"><data></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_datalist.asp"><datalist></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dd.asp"><dd></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_del.asp"><del></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_details.asp"><details></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dfn.asp"><dfn></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dialog.asp"><dialog></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dir.asp"><dir></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_div.asp"><div></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dl.asp"><dl></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dt.asp"><dt></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_em.asp"><em></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_embed.asp"><embed></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_fieldset.asp"><fieldset></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_figcaption.asp"><figcaption></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_figure.asp"><figure></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_font.asp"><font></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_footer.asp"><footer></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_form.asp"><form></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_frame.asp"><frame></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_frameset.asp"><frameset></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_hn.asp"><h1> - <h6></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_head.asp"><head></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_header.asp"><header></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_hr.asp"><hr></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_html.asp"><html></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_i.asp"><i></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_iframe.asp"><iframe></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_img.asp"><img></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_input.asp"><input></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_ins.asp"><ins></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_kbd.asp"><kbd></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_label.asp"><label></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_legend.asp"><legend></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_li.asp"><li></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_link.asp"><link></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_main.asp"><main></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_map.asp"><map></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_mark.asp"><mark></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_meta.asp"><meta></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_meter.asp"><meter></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_nav.asp"><nav></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_noframes.asp"><noframes></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_noscript.asp"><noscript></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_object.asp"><object></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_ol.asp"><ol></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_optgroup.asp"><optgroup></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_option.asp"><option></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_output.asp"><output></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_p.asp" class="active"><p></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_param.asp"><param></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_picture.asp"><picture></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_pre.asp"><pre></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_progress.asp"><progress></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_q.asp"><q></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_rp.asp"><rp></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_rt.asp"><rt></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_ruby.asp"><ruby></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_s.asp"><s></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_samp.asp"><samp></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_script.asp"><script></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_section.asp"><section></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_select.asp"><select></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_small.asp"><small></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_source.asp"><source></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_span.asp"><span></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_strike.asp"><strike></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_strong.asp"><strong></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_style.asp"><style></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_sub.asp"><sub></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_summary.asp"><summary></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_sup.asp"><sup></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_svg.asp"><svg></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_table.asp"><table></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_tbody.asp"><tbody></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_td.asp"><td></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_template.asp"><template></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_textarea.asp"><textarea></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_tfoot.asp"><tfoot></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_th.asp"><th></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_thead.asp"><thead></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_time.asp"><time></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_title.asp"><title></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_tr.asp"><tr></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_track.asp"><track></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_tt.asp"><tt></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_u.asp"><u></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_ul.asp"><ul></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_var.asp"><var></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_video.asp"><video></a> <a target="_top" href="tag_wbr.asp"><wbr></a> </div> <br><br> </div> </div> </div> <div class="w3-main w3-light-grey" id="belowtopnav" style="margin-left: 220px; padding-top: 44px;"> <div class="w3-row w3-white"> <div class="w3-col l10 m12" id="main"> <div id="mainLeaderboard" style="overflow:hidden;"> <!-- MainLeaderboard--> <!--<pre>main_leaderboard, all: [728,90][970,90][320,50][468,60]</pre>--> <div id="adngin-main_leaderboard-0" data-google-query-id="CJPA_sueqvcCFXiOSwUd2fYBLg"><div id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//main_leaderboard_1__container__" style="border: 0pt none;"><iframe id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//main_leaderboard_1" name="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//main_leaderboard_1" title="3rd party ad content" width="728" height="90" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" role="region" aria-label="Advertisement" tabindex="0" srcdoc="" data-google-container-id="7" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" data-load-complete="true"><div style="position: absolute; width: 0px; height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden;"><button></button><a href="https://yahoo.com"></a><input></div></iframe></div></div> <!-- adspace leaderboard --> </div> <h1>HTML <span class="color_h1"><p></span> Tag</h1> <div class="w3-clear w3-center nextprev"> <a class="w3-left w3-btn" href="tag_output.asp">❮<span class="w3-hide-small"> Previous</span></a> <a class="w3-btn" href="default.asp"><span class="w3-hide-small">Complete HTML </span>Reference</a> <a class="w3-right w3-btn" href="tag_param.asp"><span class="w3-hide-small">Next </span>❯</a> </div> <br> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>A paragraph is marked up as follows:</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span>This is some text in a paragraph.<span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_paragraphs1" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <p>More "Try it Yourself" examples below.</p> <hr> <h2>Definition and Usage</h2> <p>The <code class="w3-codespan"><p></code> tag defines a paragraph.</p> <p>Browsers automatically add a single blank line before and after each <code class="w3-codespan"><p></code> element.</p> <p><strong>Tip:</strong> Use CSS to <a href="/html/html_css.asp">style paragraphs</a>.</p> <hr> <h2>Browser Support</h2> <table class="browserref notranslate"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;font-size:16px;text-align:left;">Element</th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsChrome" title="Chrome"></th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsEdge" title="Internet Explorer / Edge"></th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsFirefox" title="Firefox"></th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsSafari" title="Safari"></th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsOpera" title="Opera"></th> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><p></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <hr> <h2>Global Attributes</h2> <p>The <code class="w3-codespan"><p></code> tag also supports the <a href="ref_standardattributes.asp">Global Attributes in HTML</a>.</p> <hr> <h2>Event Attributes</h2> <p>The <code class="w3-codespan"><p></code> tag also supports the <a href="ref_eventattributes.asp">Event Attributes in HTML</a>.</p> <hr> <div id="midcontentadcontainer" style="overflow:auto;text-align:center"> <!-- MidContent --> <!-- <p class="adtext">Advertisement</p> --> <div id="adngin-mid_content-0" data-google-query-id="CKfs_8ueqvcCFXiOSwUd2fYBLg"><div id="sn_ad_label_adngin-mid_content-0" class="sn_ad_label" style="color:#000000;font-size:12px;margin:0;text-align:center;">ADVERTISEMENT</div><div id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//mid_content_1__container__" style="border: 0pt none; display: inline-block; width: 300px; height: 250px;"><iframe frameborder="0" src="https://56d0da6c34aaa471db22bb4266aac656.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-38/html/container.html" id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//mid_content_1" title="3rd party ad content" name="" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" width="300" height="250" data-is-safeframe="true" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" role="region" aria-label="Advertisement" tabindex="0" data-google-container-id="8" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" data-load-complete="true"></iframe></div></div> </div> <hr> <h2>More Examples</h2> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>Align text in a paragraph (with CSS):</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>p<span class="attributecolor" style="color:red"> style<span class="attributevaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue">="text-align:right"</span></span><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span>This is some text in a paragraph.<span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_p_align_css" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>Style paragraphs with CSS:</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>html<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>head<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>style<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span><span class="cssselectorcolor" style="color:brown"><br>p <span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">{</span><span class="csspropertycolor" style="color:red"><br> color<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> navy<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br> text-indent<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 30px<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br> text-transform<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> uppercase<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br></span><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">}</span><br></span><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>/style<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span><br> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>/head<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>body<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span><br><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.<span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span><br><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>/body<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>/html<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_p_style_css" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p> More on paragraphs:</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span><br>This paragraph<br>contains a lot of lines<br>in the source code,<br> but the browser <br>ignores it.<br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_paragraphs2" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>Poem problems in HTML:</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span><br>My Bonnie lies over the ocean.<br>My Bonnie lies over the sea.<br>My Bonnie lies over the ocean.<br>Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.<br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue"><</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">></span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_poem" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <hr> <h2>Related Pages</h2> <p>HTML tutorial: <a href="/html/html_paragraphs.asp">HTML Paragraphs</a></p> <p>HTML DOM reference: <a href="/jsref/dom_obj_paragraph.asp">Paragraph Object</a></p> <hr> <h2>Default CSS Settings</h2> <p>Most browsers will display the <code class="w3-codespan"><p></code> element with the following default values:</p> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh"><span class="cssselectorcolor" style="color:brown"> p <span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">{</span><span class="csspropertycolor" style="color:red"><br> display<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> block<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br> margin-top<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 1em<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br> margin-bottom<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 1em<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br> margin-left<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 0<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br> margin-right<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 0<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br></span><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">}</span> </span></div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_p_default_css" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <br> <br> <div class="w3-clear w3-center nextprev"> <a class="w3-left w3-btn" href="tag_output.asp">❮<span class="w3-hide-small"> Previous</span></a> <a class="w3-btn" href="default.asp"><span class="w3-hide-small">Complete HTML </span>Reference</a> <a class="w3-right w3-btn" href="tag_param.asp"><span class="w3-hide-small">Next </span>❯</a> </div> <div id="mypagediv2" style="position:relative;text-align:center;"></div> <br> </div> <div class="w3-col l2 m12" id="right"> <div class="sidesection"> <div id="skyscraper"> <div id="adngin-sidebar_top-0" data-google-query-id="CJXA_sueqvcCFXiOSwUd2fYBLg"><div id="sn_ad_label_adngin-sidebar_top-0" class="sn_ad_label" style="color:#000000;font-size:12px;margin:0;text-align:center;">ADVERTISEMENT</div><div id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//wide_skyscraper_1__container__" style="border: 0pt none;"><iframe id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//wide_skyscraper_1" name="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//wide_skyscraper_1" title="3rd party ad content" width="320" height="50" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" role="region" aria-label="Advertisement" tabindex="0" srcdoc="" data-google-container-id="9" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" data-load-complete="true"></iframe></div></div> </div> </div> <style> .ribbon-vid { font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; padding: 6px 20px; left:-20px; top:-10px; text-align: center; color:black; border-radius:25px; } </style> <div class="sidesection" id="video_sidesection"> <div class="w3-center" style="padding-bottom:7px"> <span class="ribbon-vid ws-yellow">NEW</span> </div> <p style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.5;font-family: Source Sans Pro;padding-left:4px;padding-right:4px;">We just launched<br>W3Schools videos</p> <a onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Videos' , 'fromSidebar');" href="https://www.w3schools.com/videos/index.php" class="w3-hover-opacity"><img src="/images/htmlvideoad_footer.png" style="max-width:100%;padding:5px 10px 25px 10px" loading="lazy"></a> <a class="ws-button" style="font-size:16px;text-decoration: none !important;display: block !important; color:#FFC0C7!important; width: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; paxdding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 20px; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif; text-align: center;" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Videos' , 'fromSidebar');" href="https://www.w3schools.com/videos/index.php">Explore now</a> </div> <div class="sidesection"> <h4><a href="/colors/colors_picker.asp">COLOR PICKER</a></h4> <a href="/colors/colors_picker.asp"> <img src="/images/colorpicker2000.png" alt="colorpicker" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="sidesection"> <!--<h4>LIKE US</h4>--> <div class="sharethis" style="visibility: visible;"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/w3schoolscom/" target="_blank" title="Facebook"><span class="fa fa-facebook-square fa-2x"></span></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/w3schools.com_official/" target="_blank" title="Instagram"><span class="fa fa-instagram fa-2x"></span></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/w3schools.com/" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn"><span class="fa fa-linkedin-square fa-2x"></span></a> <a href="https://discord.gg/6Z7UaRbUQM" target="_blank" title="Join the W3schools community on Discord"><span class="fa fa-discord fa-2x"></span></a> </div> </div> <!-- <div class="sidesection" style="border-radius:5px;color:#555;padding-top:1px;padding-bottom:8px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:230px;background-color:#d4edda"> <p>Get your<br>certification today!</p> <a href="/cert/default.asp" target="_blank"> <img src="/images/w3certified_logo_250.png" style="margin:0 12px 20px 10px;max-width:80%"> </a> <a class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom" style="text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;" href="/cert/default.asp" target="_blank">View options</a> </div> --> <style> #courses_get_started_btn { text-decoration:none !important; background-color:#04AA6D; width:100%; border-bottom-left-radius:5px; border-bottom-right-radius:5px; padding-top:10px; padding-bottom:10px; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif; } #courses_get_started_btn:hover { background-color:#059862!important; } </style> <div id="internalCourses" class="sidesection"> <p style="font-size:18px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;">Get certified<br>by completing<br>a course today!</p> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on courses banner in ads column');"> <div style="padding:0 20px 20px 20px"> <svg id="w3_cert_badge2" style="margin:auto;width:85%" data-name="w3_cert_badge2" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300"><defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#04aa6b;}.cls-2{font-size:23px;}.cls-2,.cls-3,.cls-4{fill:#fff;}.cls-2,.cls-3{font-family:RobotoMono-Medium, Roboto Mono;font-weight:500;}.cls-3{font-size:20.08px;}</style></defs><circle class="cls-1" cx="150" cy="150" r="146.47" transform="translate(-62.13 150) rotate(-45)"></circle><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(93.54 63.89) rotate(-29.5)">w</text><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(107.13 56.35) rotate(-20.8)">3</text><text class="cls-2" transform="matrix(0.98, -0.21, 0.21, 0.98, 121.68, 50.97)">s</text><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(136.89 47.84) rotate(-3.47)">c</text><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(152.39 47.03) rotate(5.12)">h</text><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(167.85 48.54) rotate(13.72)">o</text><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(182.89 52.35) rotate(22.34)">o</text><text class="cls-2" transform="matrix(0.86, 0.52, -0.52, 0.86, 197.18, 58.36)">l</text><text class="cls-2" transform="matrix(0.77, 0.64, -0.64, 0.77, 210.4, 66.46)">s</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(35.51 186.66) rotate(69.37)"> </text><text class="cls-3" transform="matrix(0.47, 0.88, -0.88, 0.47, 41.27, 201.28)">C</text><text class="cls-3" transform="matrix(0.58, 0.81, -0.81, 0.58, 48.91, 215.03)">E</text><text class="cls-3" transform="matrix(0.67, 0.74, -0.74, 0.67, 58.13, 227.36)">R</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(69.16 238.92) rotate(39.44)">T</text><text class="cls-3" transform="matrix(0.85, 0.53, -0.53, 0.85, 81.47, 248.73)">I</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(94.94 256.83) rotate(24.36)">F</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(109.34 263.09) rotate(16.83)">I</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(124.46 267.41) rotate(9.34)">E</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(139.99 269.73) rotate(1.88)">D</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(155.7 270.01) rotate(-5.58)"> </text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(171.32 268.24) rotate(-13.06)"> </text><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(187.55 266.81) rotate(-21.04)">.</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(203.27 257.7) rotate(-29.24)"> </text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(216.84 249.83) rotate(-36.75)"> </text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(229.26 240.26) rotate(-44.15)">2</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(240.39 229.13) rotate(-51.62)">0</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(249.97 216.63) rotate(-59.17)">2</text><text class="cls-3" transform="matrix(0.4, -0.92, 0.92, 0.4, 257.81, 203.04)">2</text><path class="cls-4" d="M196.64,136.31s3.53,3.8,8.5,3.8c3.9,0,6.75-2.37,6.75-5.59,0-4-3.64-5.81-8-5.81h-2.59l-1.53-3.48,6.86-8.13a34.07,34.07,0,0,1,2.7-2.85s-1.11,0-3.33,0H194.79v-5.86H217.7v4.28l-9.19,10.61c5.18.74,10.24,4.43,10.24,10.92s-4.85,12.3-13.19,12.3a17.36,17.36,0,0,1-12.41-5Z"></path><path class="cls-4" d="M152,144.24l30.24,53.86,14.94-26.61L168.6,120.63H135.36l-13.78,24.53-13.77-24.53H77.93l43.5,77.46.15-.28.16.28Z"></path></svg> </div> </a> <a class="w3-btn" id="courses_get_started_btn" href="https://courses.w3schools.com" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on courses banner in ads column');">Get started</a> </div> <!-- <div class="sidesection" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:230px"> <a href="https://shop.w3schools.com/" target="_blank" title="Buy W3Schools Merchandize"> <img src="/images/tshirt.jpg" style="max-width:100%;"> </a> </div> --> <div class="sidesection" id="moreAboutSubject"> </div> <!-- <div id="sidesection_exercise" class="sidesection" style="background-color:#555555;max-width:200px;margin:auto;margin-bottom:32px"> <div class="w3-container w3-text-white"> <h4>Exercises</h4> </div> <div> <div class="w3-light-grey"> <a target="_blank" href="/html/exercise.asp" style="padding-top:8px">HTML</a> <a target="_blank" href="/css/exercise.asp">CSS</a> <a target="_blank" href="/js/exercise_js.asp">JavaScript</a> <a target="_blank" href="/sql/exercise.asp">SQL</a> <a target="_blank" href="/php/exercise.asp">PHP</a> <a target="_blank" href="/python/exercise.asp">Python</a> <a target="_blank" href="/bootstrap/exercise_bs3.asp">Bootstrap</a> <a target="_blank" href="/jquery/exercise_jq.asp" style="padding-bottom:8px">jQuery</a> </div> </div> </div> --> <div class="sidesection codegameright ws-turquoise" style="font-size:18px;font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;border-radius:5px;color:#FFC0C7;padding-top:12px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:230px;"> <style> .codegameright .w3-btn:link,.codegameright .w3-btn:visited { background-color:#04AA6D; border-radius:5px; } .codegameright .w3-btn:hover,.codegameright .w3-btn:active { background-color:#059862!important; text-decoration:none!important; } </style> <h4><a href="/codegame/index.html" class="w3-hover-text-black">CODE GAME</a></h4> <a href="/codegame/index.html" target="_blank" class="w3-hover-opacity"><img style="max-width:100%;margin:16px 0;" src="/images/w3lynx_200.png" alt="Code Game" loading="lazy"></a> <a class="w3-btn w3-block ws-black" href="/codegame/index.html" target="_blank" style="padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;margin-top:12px;border-top-left-radius: 0;border-top-right-radius: 0">Play Game</a> </div> <!-- <div class="sidesection w3-light-grey" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:230px"> <div class="w3-container w3-dark-grey"> <h4><a href="/howto/default.asp" class="w3-hover-text-white">HOW TO</a></h4> </div> <div class="w3-container w3-left-align w3-padding-16"> <a href="/howto/howto_js_tabs.asp">Tabs</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_css_dropdown.asp">Dropdowns</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_accordion.asp">Accordions</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_sidenav.asp">Side Navigation</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_topnav.asp">Top Navigation</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_css_modals.asp">Modal Boxes</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_progressbar.asp">Progress Bars</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_css_parallax.asp">Parallax</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_css_login_form.asp">Login Form</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_html_include.asp">HTML Includes</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_google_maps.asp">Google Maps</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_rangeslider.asp">Range Sliders</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_css_tooltip.asp">Tooltips</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_slideshow.asp">Slideshow</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_sort_list.asp">Sort List</a><br> </div> </div> --> <!-- <div class="sidesection w3-round" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:230px"> <div class="w3-container ws-black" style="border-top-right-radius:5px;border-top-left-radius:5px;"> <h5><a href="/cert/default.asp" class="w3-hover-text-white">Certificates</a></h5> </div> <div class="w3-border" style="border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;"> <a href="/cert/cert_html.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block w3-border-bottom" style="text-decoration:none">HTML</a> <a href="/cert/cert_css.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block w3-border-bottom" style="text-decoration:none">CSS</a> <a href="/cert/cert_javascript.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block w3-border-bottom" style="text-decoration:none">JavaScript</a> <a href="/cert/cert_frontend.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block w3-border-bottom" style="text-decoration:none">Front End</a> <a href="/cert/cert_python.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block w3-border-bottom" style="text-decoration:none">Python</a> <a href="/cert/cert_sql.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block w3-border-bottom" style="text-decoration:none">SQL</a> <a href="/cert/default.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block" style="text-decoration:none;">And more</a> </div> </div> --> <div id="stickypos" class="sidesection" style="text-align:center;position:sticky;top:50px;"> <div id="stickyadcontainer" style="width: 653.984px;"> <div style="position:relative;margin:auto;"> <div id="adngin-sidebar_sticky-0-stickypointer" style=""><div id="adngin-sidebar_sticky-0" style=""><div id="sn_ad_label_adngin-sidebar_sticky-0" class="sn_ad_label" style="color:#000000;font-size:12px;margin:0;text-align:center;">ADVERTISEMENT</div></div></div> <script> function secondSnigel() { if(window.adngin && window.adngin.adnginLoaderReady) { if (Number(w3_getStyleValue(document.getElementById("main"), "height").replace("px", "")) > 2200) { if (document.getElementById("adngin-mid_content-0")) { adngin.queue.push(function(){ adngin.cmd.startAuction(["sidebar_sticky", "mid_content" ]); }); } else { adngin.queue.push(function(){ adngin.cmd.startAuction(["sidebar_sticky"]); }); } } else { if (document.getElementById("adngin-mid_content-0")) { adngin.queue.push(function(){ adngin.cmd.startAuction(["mid_content"]); }); } } } else { window.addEventListener('adnginLoaderReady', function() { if (Number(w3_getStyleValue(document.getElementById("main"), "height").replace("px", "")) > 2200) { if (document.getElementById("adngin-mid_content-0")) { adngin.queue.push(function(){ adngin.cmd.startAuction(["sidebar_sticky", "mid_content" ]); }); } else { adngin.queue.push(function(){ adngin.cmd.startAuction(["sidebar_sticky"]); }); } } else { if (document.getElementById("adngin-mid_content-0")) { adngin.queue.push(function(){ adngin.cmd.startAuction(["mid_content"]); }); } } }); } } </script> </div> </div> </div> <script> uic_r_c() </script> </div> </div> <div id="footer" class="footer w3-container w3-white"> <hr> <div style="overflow:auto"> <div class="bottomad"> <!-- BottomMediumRectangle --> <!--<pre>bottom_medium_rectangle, all: [970,250][300,250][336,280]</pre>--> <div id="adngin-bottom_left-0" style="padding:0 10px 10px 0;float:left;width:auto;" data-google-query-id="CJbA_sueqvcCFXiOSwUd2fYBLg"><div id="sn_ad_label_adngin-bottom_left-0" class="sn_ad_label" style="color:#000000;font-size:12px;margin:0;text-align:center;">ADVERTISEMENT</div><div id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//bottom_medium_rectangle_1__container__" style="border: 0pt none;"><iframe id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//bottom_medium_rectangle_1" name="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//bottom_medium_rectangle_1" title="3rd party ad content" width="300" height="250" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" role="region" aria-label="Advertisement" tabindex="0" srcdoc="" data-google-container-id="a" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" data-load-complete="true"></iframe></div></div> <!-- adspace bmr --> <!-- RightBottomMediumRectangle --> <!--<pre>right_bottom_medium_rectangle, desktop: [300,250][336,280]</pre>--> <div id="adngin-bottom_right-0" style="padding:0 10px 10px 0;float:left;width:auto;"><div id="sn_ad_label_adngin-bottom_right-0" class="sn_ad_label" style="color:#000000;font-size:12px;margin:0;text-align:center;">ADVERTISEMENT</div></div> </div> </div> <hr> <div class="w3-row-padding w3-center w3-small" style="margin:0 -16px;"> <div class="w3-col l3 m3 s12"> <a class="w3-button ws-grey ws-hover-black w3-block w3-round" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="displayError();return false" style="white-space:nowrap;text-decoration:none;margin-top:1px;margin-bottom:1px;font-size:15px;">Report Error</a> </div> <!-- <div class="w3-col l3 m3 s12"> <a class="w3-button w3-light-grey w3-block" href="javascript:void(0);" target="_blank" onclick="printPage();return false;" style="text-decoration:none;margin-top:1px;margin-bottom:1px">PRINT PAGE</a> </div> --> <div class="w3-col l3 m3 s12"> <a class="w3-button ws-grey ws-hover-black w3-block w3-round" href="/forum/default.asp" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;margin-top:1px;margin-bottom:1px;font-size:15px">Forum</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m3 s12"> <a class="w3-button ws-grey ws-hover-black w3-block w3-round" href="/about/default.asp" target="_top" style="text-decoration:none;margin-top:1px;margin-bottom:1px;font-size:15px">About</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m3 s12"> <a class="w3-button ws-grey ws-hover-black w3-block w3-round" href="https://shop.w3schools.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;margin-top:1px;margin-bottom:1px;font-size:15px">Shop</a> </div> </div> <hr> <div class="ws-grey w3-padding w3-margin-bottom" id="err_form" style="display:none;position:relative"> <span onclick="this.parentElement.style.display='none'" class="w3-button w3-display-topright w3-large">×</span> <h2>Report Error</h2> <p>If you want to report an error, or if you want to make a suggestion, do not hesitate to send us an e-mail:</p> <p>help@w3schools.com</p> <br> <!-- <h2>Your Suggestion:</h2> <form> <div class="w3-section"> <label for="err_email">Your E-mail:</label> <input class="w3-input w3-border" type="text" style="margin-top:5px;width:100%" id="err_email" name="err_email"> </div> <div class="w3-section"> <label for="err_email">Page address:</label> <input class="w3-input w3-border" type="text" style="width:100%;margin-top:5px" id="err_url" name="err_url" disabled="disabled"> </div> <div class="w3-section"> <label for="err_email">Description:</label> <textarea rows="10" class="w3-input w3-border" id="err_desc" name="err_desc" style="width:100%;margin-top:5px;resize:vertical;"></textarea> </div> <div class="form-group"> <button type="button" class="w3-button w3-dark-grey" onclick="sendErr()">Submit</button> </div> <br> </form> --> </div> <div class="w3-container ws-grey w3-padding" id="err_sent" style="display:none;position:relative"> <span onclick="this.parentElement.style.display='none'" class="w3-button w3-display-topright">×</span> <h2>Thank You For Helping Us!</h2> <p>Your message has been sent to W3Schools.</p> </div> <div class="w3-row w3-center w3-small"> <div class="w3-col l3 m6 s12"> <div class="top10"> <h5 style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;">Top Tutorials</h5> <a href="/html/default.asp">HTML Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/css/default.asp">CSS Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/js/default.asp">JavaScript Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/howto/default.asp">How To Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/sql/default.asp">SQL Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/python/default.asp">Python Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/w3css/default.asp">W3.CSS Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_ver.asp">Bootstrap Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/php/default.asp">PHP Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/java/default.asp">Java Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/cpp/default.asp">C++ Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/jquery/default.asp">jQuery Tutorial</a><br> </div> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6 s12"> <div class="top10"> <h5 style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;">Top References</h5> <a href="/tags/default.asp">HTML Reference</a><br> <a href="/cssref/default.asp">CSS Reference</a><br> <a href="/jsref/default.asp">JavaScript Reference</a><br> <a href="/sql/sql_ref_keywords.asp">SQL Reference</a><br> <a href="/python/python_reference.asp">Python Reference</a><br> <a href="/w3css/w3css_references.asp">W3.CSS Reference</a><br> <a href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_ref_all_classes.asp">Bootstrap Reference</a><br> <a href="/php/php_ref_overview.asp">PHP Reference</a><br> <a href="/colors/colors_names.asp">HTML Colors</a><br> <a href="/java/java_ref_keywords.asp">Java Reference</a><br> <a href="/angular/angular_ref_directives.asp">Angular Reference</a><br> <a href="/jquery/jquery_ref_overview.asp">jQuery Reference</a><br> </div> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6 s12"> <div class="top10"> <h5 style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;">Top Examples</h5> <a href="/html/html_examples.asp">HTML Examples</a><br> <a href="/css/css_examples.asp">CSS Examples</a><br> <a href="/js/js_examples.asp">JavaScript Examples</a><br> <a href="/howto/default.asp">How To Examples</a><br> <a href="/sql/sql_examples.asp">SQL Examples</a><br> <a href="/python/python_examples.asp">Python Examples</a><br> <a href="/w3css/w3css_examples.asp">W3.CSS Examples</a><br> <a href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_examples.asp">Bootstrap Examples</a><br> <a href="/php/php_examples.asp">PHP Examples</a><br> <a href="/java/java_examples.asp">Java Examples</a><br> <a href="/xml/xml_examples.asp">XML Examples</a><br> <a href="/jquery/jquery_examples.asp">jQuery Examples</a><br> </div> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6 s12"> <div class="top10"> <!-- <h4>Web Certificates</h4> <a href="/cert/default.asp">HTML Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">CSS Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">JavaScript Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">SQL Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">Python Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">PHP Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">Bootstrap Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">XML Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">jQuery Certificate</a><br> <a href="//www.w3schools.com/cert/default.asp" class="w3-button w3-margin-top w3-dark-grey" style="text-decoration:none"> Get Certified »</a> --> <h5 style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;">Web Courses</h5> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/html" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on html course link in footer');">HTML Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/css" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on css course link in footer');">CSS Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/javascript" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on javascript course link in footer');">JavaScript Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/programs/front-end" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on Front End course link in footer');">Front End Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/sql" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on sql course link in footer');">SQL Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/python" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on python course link in footer');">Python Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/php" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on php course link in footer');">PHP Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/jquery" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on jquery course link in footer');">jQuery Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/java" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on Java course link in footer');">Java Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/cplusplus" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on C++ course link in footer');">C++ Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/c-sharp" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on bootstrap C# link in footer');">C# Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/xml" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on xml course link in footer');">XML Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/" target="_blank" class="w3-button w3-margin-top ws-black ws-hover-black w3-round" style="text-decoration:none" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on get certified button in footer');"> Get Certified »</a> </div> </div> </div> <hr> <div class="w3-center w3-small w3-opacity"> W3Schools is optimized for learning and training. Examples might be simplified to improve reading and learning. Tutorials, references, and examples are constantly reviewed to avoid errors, but we cannot warrant full correctness of all content. While using W3Schools, you agree to have read and accepted our <a href="/about/about_copyright.asp">terms of use</a>, <a href="/about/about_privacy.asp">cookie and privacy policy</a>.<br><br> <a href="/about/about_copyright.asp">Copyright 1999-2022</a> by Refsnes Data. All Rights Reserved.<br> <a href="//www.w3schools.com/w3css/default.asp">W3Schools is Powered by W3.CSS</a>.<br><br> </div> <div class="w3-center w3-small"> <a href="//www.w3schools.com"> <i class="fa fa-logo ws-text-green ws-hover-text-green" style="position:relative;font-size:42px!important;"></i> </a></div><a href="//www.w3schools.com"> <br><br> </a></div><a href="//www.w3schools.com"> </a></div><iframe name="__tcfapiLocator" style="display: none;"></iframe><iframe name="__uspapiLocator" style="display: none;"></iframe><a href="//www.w3schools.com"> <script src="/lib/w3schools_footer.js?update=20220202"></script> <script> MyLearning.loadUser('footer'); function docReady(fn) { document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", fn); if (document.readyState === "interactive" || document.readyState === "complete" ) { fn(); } } uic_r_z(); uic_r_d() </script><iframe src="https://56d0da6c34aaa471db22bb4266aac656.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-38/html/container.html" style="visibility: hidden; display: none;"></iframe> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> </a><script type="text/javascript" src="https://geo.moatads.com/n.js?e=35&ol=3318087536&qn=%604%7BZEYwoqI%24%5BK%2BdLLU)%2CMm~tM!90vv9L%24%2FoDb%2Fz(lKm3GFlNUU%2Cu%5Bh_GcS%25%5BHvLU%5B4(K%2B%7BgeFWl_%3DNqUXR%3A%3D%2BAxMn%3Ch%2CyenA8p%2FHm%24%60%233P(ry5*ZRocMp1tq%5BN%7Bq%60RP%3CG.ceFW%7CoG%22mxT%3Bwv%40V374BKm55%3D%261fp%5BoU5t(KX%3C%3Ce%24%26%3B%23wPjrBEe31k5X%5BG%5E%5B)%2C2iVSWf3Stnq%263t!9jr%7BRzI%2C%7BOCb%25%24(%3DNqU%60W5u%7Bo(zs1CoK%2Bdr%5BG)%2C3ii)RGL3emgSuRVE&tf=1_nMzjG---CSa7H-1SJH-bW7qhB-LRwqH-nMzjG-&vi=111111&rb=2-90xv0J4P%2FoMsPm8%2BZbNmT2EB%2BBOA3JNdQL68hLPh4bg2%2F%2FnQIIWF3Q%3D%3D&rs=1-iHtHGE9B1zA1OQ%3D%3D&sc=1&os=1-3g%3D%3D&qp=10000&is=BBBBB2BBEYBvGl2BBCkqtUTE1RmsqbKW8BsrBu0rCFE48CRBeeBS2hWTMBBQeQBBn2soYggyUig0CBlWZ0uBBCCCCCCOgRBBiOfnE6Bkg7Oxib8MxOtJYHCBdm5kBhIcC9Y8oBXckXBR76iUUsJBCBBBBBBBBBWBBBj3BBBZeGV2BBBCMciUBBBjgEBBBBBB94UMgTdJMtEcpMBBBQBBBniOccBBBBBB47kNwxBbBBBBBBBBBhcjG6BBJM2L4Bk8BwCBQmIoRBBCzBz1BBCTClBBrbGBC4ehueB57NG9aJeRzBqEKBBBBBBB&iv=8&qt=0&gz=0&hh=0&hn=0&tw=&qc=0&qd=0&qf=1240&qe=883&qh=1280&qg=984&qm=-330&qa=1280&qb=1024&qi=1280&qj=984&to=000&po=1-0020002000002120&vy=ot%24b%5Bh%40%22oDgO%3DLlE6%3Avy%2CUitwb4%5Du!%3CFo%40Y_3r%3F%5DAY~MhXyz%26_%5B*Rp%7C%3EoDKmsiFDRz%5EmlNM%22%254ZpaR%5BA7Do%2C%3Bg%2C%2C%40W7RbzTmejO%3Def%2C%7Bvp%7C9%7C_%3Bm_Qrw5.W%2F84VKp%40i6AKx!ehV%7Du!%3CFo%40pF&ql=%3B%5BpwxnRd%7Dt%3Aa%5DmJVOG)%2C~%405%2F%5BGI%3F6C(TgPB*e%5D1(rI%24(rj2Iy!pw%40aOS%3DyNX8Y%7BQgPB*e%5D1(rI%24(rj%5EB61%2F%3DSqcMr1%7B%2CJA%24Jz_%255tTL%3Fwbs_T%234%25%60X%3CA&qo=0&qr=0&i=TRIPLELIFT1&hp=1&wf=1&ra=1&pxm=8&sgs=3&vb=6&kq=1&hq=0&hs=0&hu=0&hr=0&ht=1&dnt=0&bq=0&f=0&j=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&t=1650718754860&de=466991431602&m=0&ar=bee2df476bf-clean&iw=2a1d5c5&q=2&cb=0&ym=0&cu=1650718754860&ll=3&lm=0&ln=1&r=0&em=0&en=0&d=6737%3A94724%3Aundefined%3A10&zMoatTactic=undefined&zMoatPixelParams=aid%3A29695277962791520917040%3Bsr%3A10%3Buid%3A0%3B&zMoatOrigSlicer1=2662&zMoatOrigSlicer2=39&zMoatJS=-&zGSRC=1&gu=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3schools.com%2Ftags%2Ftag_p.asp&id=1&ii=4&bo=2662&bd=w3schools.com&gw=triplelift879988051105&fd=1&ac=1&it=500&ti=0&ih=1&pe=1%3A512%3A512%3A1026%3A846&jm=-1&fs=198121&na=2100642455&cs=0&ord=1650718754860&jv=1483802810&callback=DOMlessLLDcallback_5147906"></script><iframe src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api2/aframe" width="0" height="0" style="display: none;"></iframe></body><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="936be7941bd9c5c" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://jp-u.openx.net/w/1.0/pd?plm=6&ph=8a7ca719-8c2c-4c16-98ad-37ac6dbf26e9&gdpr=0&us_privacy=1---"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="94da8182082e79b" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://eus.rubiconproject.com/usync.html?us_privacy=1---"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="950ad185776f97c" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://cdn.connectad.io/connectmyusers.php?us_privacy=1---&"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="960961bdb263a5c" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://ads.pubmatic.com/AdServer/js/user_sync.html?kdntuid=1&p=157369&gdpr=0&gdpr_consent=&us_privacy=1---"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="973d77507d8ed2c" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://s.amazon-adsystem.com/iu3?cm3ppd=1&d=dtb-pub&csif=t&dl=n-index_pm-db5_ym_rbd_n-vmg_ox-db5_smrt_an-db5_3lift"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="986df094b3ccc6f" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://biddr.brealtime.com/check.html"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="9984b091a86efa7" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://js-sec.indexww.com/um/ixmatch.html"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="1004b17db44af55b" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://csync.smilewanted.com?us_privacy=1---"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="101af22cac10bcfd" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://onetag-sys.com/usync/?cb=1650718752982&us_privacy=1---"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="10290b51ae900f2b" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://eb2.3lift.com/sync?us_privacy=1---&"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="103d27603dbc3983" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://acdn.adnxs.com/dmp/async_usersync.html"> </iframe></html>
TarikSeyceri / Windows Cleaner.batAn executable cmd batch script that Cleans Windows from unneeded temporary files.
C0nw0nk / QBittorrentqBittorrent Windows Automatic batch file command line script to check torrent for seeders if it has no seeders it will delete the torrent automatically .cmd .bat batch file command line cli cmd
PSGitHubUser1 / Windows Essentials Apps InstallerInstall the 'essentials' apps with this CMD script.
quartzdesk / Quartzdesk ExecutorQuartzDesk Executor (QE) is a scalable and generic job scheduling application that can be used to schedule execution of native shell scripts (*.sh, *.bat, *.cmd, ...), executable files (*.exe, ...), SQL commands, HTTP POST requests etc. QE can be, for example, used as a replacement of traditional Unix/Linux Cron-based scheduling systems.
Fubaxiusz / Batch ToolsA collection of some .bat/.cmd scripts written for Windows and FFMPEG.
El-K4lash / Oauth2 Script Bot 2022Oauth2-Script-Bot Public Oauth2 Discord Bot script with guild.join, cmd : help, users, links, joinall, wl list, wl add, wl remove,Bot discord auth edit and inspire from ytzmo auth bot
visualblind / Scripts CollectionThis is a collection of all my scripts over a 13+ year time period. Languages: Bash/sh, HTML, JS, SQL, Perl, PHP, Python, PowerShell, CMD(Batch), WMI, Wsh, Docker/docker-compose.yml conf, Nginx (.conf)
andry81 / ContoolsA wide range of scripts for Windows interpreter (cmd.exe) and other interpreters such as bash shell (.sh), visual basic (.vbs), python (.py) and so on. Plus some set of standalone console utilities and tools aside other utilities and tools from cygwin, msys and mingw. • :page_with_curl: https://github.com/andry81-stats/contools--gh-stats
Ch-Jad / CH JaDi Rajput1# Cmder [](https://gitter.im/cmderdev/cmder?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge) [](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/MartiUK/cmder) Cmder is a **software package** created out of pure frustration over absence of usable console emulator on Windows. It is based on [ConEmu](https://conemu.github.io/) with *major* config overhaul, comes with a Monokai color scheme, amazing [clink](https://chrisant996.github.io/clink/) (further enhanced by [clink-completions](https://github.com/vladimir-kotikov/clink-completions)) and a custom prompt layout.  ## Why use it The main advantage of Cmder is portability. It is designed to be totally self-contained with no external dependencies, which makes it great for **USB Sticks** or **cloud storage**. So you can carry your console, aliases and binaries (like wget, curl and git) with you anywhere. The Cmder's user interface is also designed to be more eye pleasing, and you can compare the main differences between Cmder and ConEmu [here](https://conemu.github.io/en/cmder.html). ## Installation ### Single User Portable Config 1. Download the [latest release](https://github.com/cmderdev/cmder/releases/) 2. Extract the archive. *Note: This path should not be `C:\Program Files` or anywhere else that would require Administrator access for modifying configuration files* 3. (optional) Place your own executable files into the `%cmder_root%\bin` folder to be injected into your PATH. 4. Run `Cmder.exe` ### Shared Cmder install with Non-Portable Individual User Config 1. Download the [latest release](https://github.com/cmderdev/cmder/releases/) 2. Extract the archive to a shared location. 3. (optional) Place your own executable files and custom app folders into the `%cmder_root%\bin`. See: [bin/README.md](./bin/Readme.md) - This folder to be injected into your PATH by default. - See `/max_depth [1-5]` in 'Command Line Arguments for `init.bat`' table to add subdirectories recursively. 4. (optional) Place your own custom app folders into the `%cmder_root%\opt`. See: [opt/README.md](./opt/Readme.md) - This folder will NOT be injected into your PATH so you have total control of what gets added. 5. Run `Cmder.exe` with `/C` command line argument. Example: `cmder.exe /C %userprofile%\cmder_config` * This will create the following directory structure if it is missing. ``` c:\users\[CH JaDi Rajput]\cmder_config ├───bin ├───config │ └───profile.d └───opt ``` - (optional) Place your own executable files and custom app folders into `%userprofile%\cmder_config\bin`. - This folder to be injected into your PATH by default. - See `/max_depth [1-5]` in 'Command Line Arguments for `init.bat`' table to add subdirectories recursively. - (optional) Place your own custom app folders into the `%user_profile%\cmder_config\opt`. - This folder will NOT be injected into your PATH so you have total control of what gets added. * Both the shared install and the individual user config locations can contain a full set of init and profile.d scripts enabling shared config with user overrides. See below. ## Cmder.exe Command Line Arguments | Argument | Description | | ------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `/C [user_root_path]` | Individual user Cmder root folder. Example: `%userprofile%\cmder_config` | | `/M` | Use `conemu-%computername%.xml` for ConEmu settings storage instead of `user_conemu.xml` | | `/REGISTER [ALL, USER]` | Register a Windows Shell Menu shortcut. | | `/UNREGISTER [ALL, USER]` | Un-register a Windows Shell Menu shortcut. | | `/SINGLE` | Start Cmder in single mode. | | `/START [start_path]` | Folder path to start in. | | `/TASK [task_name]` | Task to start after launch. | | `/X [ConEmu extras pars]` | Forwards parameters to ConEmu | ## Context Menu Integration So you've experimented with Cmder a little and want to give it a shot in a more permanent home; ### Shortcut to open Cmder in a chosen folder 1. Open a terminal as an Administrator 2. Navigate to the directory you have placed Cmder 3. Execute `.\cmder.exe /REGISTER ALL` _If you get a message "Access Denied" ensure you are executing the command in an **Administrator** prompt._ In a file explorer window right click in or on a directory to see "Cmder Here" in the context menu. ## Keyboard shortcuts ### Tab manipulation * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>T</kbd> : New tab dialog (maybe you want to open cmd as admin?) * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>W</kbd> : Close tab * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>D</kbd> : Close tab (if pressed on empty command) * <kbd>Shift</kbd> + <kbd>Alt</kbd> + <kbd>#Number</kbd> : Fast new tab: <kbd>1</kbd> - CMD, <kbd>2</kbd> - PowerShell * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>Tab</kbd> : Switch to next tab * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>Shift</kbd> + <kbd>Tab</kbd> : Switch to previous tab * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>#Number</kbd> : Switch to tab #Number * <kbd>Alt</kbd> + <kbd>Enter</kbd>: Fullscreen ### Shell * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>Alt</kbd> + <kbd>U</kbd> : Traverse up in directory structure (lovely feature!) * <kbd>End</kbd>, <kbd>Home</kbd>, <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> : Traversing text with as usual on Windows * <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>R</kbd> : History search * <kbd>Shift</kbd> + Mouse : Select and copy text from buffer _(Some shortcuts are not yet documented, though they exist - please document them here)_ ## Features ### Access to multiple shells in one window using tabs You can open multiple tabs each containing one of the following shells: | Task | Shell | Description | | ---- | ----- | ----------- | | Cmder | `cmd.exe` | Windows `cmd.exe` shell enhanced with Git, Git aware prompt, Clink (GNU Readline), and Aliases. | | Cmder as Admin | `cmd.exe` | Administrative Windows `cmd.exe` Cmder shell. | | PowerShell | `powershell.exe` | Windows PowerShell enhanced with Git and Git aware prompt . | | PowerShell as Admin | `powershell.exe` | Administrative Windows `powershell.exe` Cmder shell. | | Bash | `bash.exe` | Unix/Linux like bash shell running on Windows. | | Bash as Admin | `bash.exe` | Administrative Unix/Linux like bash shell running on Windows. | | Mintty | `bash.exe` | Unix/Linux like bash shell running on Windows. See below for Mintty configuration differences | | Mintty as Admin | `bash.exe` | Administrative Unix/Linux like bash shell running on Windows. See below for Mintty configuration differences | Cmder, PowerShell, and Bash tabs all run on top of the Windows Console API and work as you might expect in Cmder with access to use ConEmu's color schemes, key bindings and other settings defined in the ConEmu Settings dialog. ⚠ *NOTE:* Only the full edition of Cmder comes with a pre-installed bash, using a vendored [git-for-windows](https://gitforwindows.org/) installation. The pre-configured Bash tabs may not work on Cmder mini edition without additional configuration. You may however, choose to use an external installation of bash, such as Microsoft's [Subsystem for Linux](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install-win10) (called WSL) or the [Cygwin](https://cygwin.com/) project which provides POSIX support on windows. ⚠ *NOTE:* Mintty tabs use a program called 'mintty' as the terminal emulator that is not based on the Windows Console API, rather it's rendered graphically by ConEmu. Mintty differs from the other tabs in that it supports xterm/xterm-256color TERM types, and does not work with ConEmu settings like color schemes and key bindings. As such, some differences in functionality are to be expected, such as Cmder not being able to apply a system-wide configuration to it. As a result mintty specific config is done via the `[%USERPROFILE%|$HOME]/.minttyrc` file. You may read more about Mintty and its config file [here](https://github.com/mintty/mintty). An example of setting Cmder portable terminal colors for mintty: From a bash/mintty shell: ``` cd $CMDER_ROOT/vendor git clone https://github.com/karlin/mintty-colors-solarized.git cd mintty-colors-solarized/ echo source \$CMDER_ROOT/vendor/mintty-colors-solarized/mintty-solarized-dark.sh>>$CMDER_ROOT/config/user_profile.sh ``` You may find some Monokai color schemes for mintty to match Cmder [here](https://github.com/oumu/mintty-color-schemes/blob/master/base16-monokai-mod.minttyrc). ### Changing Cmder Default `cmd.exe` Prompt Config File The default Cmder shell `cmd::Cmder` prompt is customized using `Clink` and is configured by editing a config file that exists in one of two locations: - Single User Portable Config `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\cmder_prompt_config.lua` - Shared Cmder install with Non-Portable Individual User Config `%CMDER_USER_CONFIG%\cmder_prompt_config.lua` If your Cmder setup does not have this file create it from `%CMDER_ROOT%\vendor\cmder_prompt_config.lua.default` Customizations include: - Colors. - Single/Multi-line. - Full path/Folder only. - `[user]@[host]` to the beginning of the prompt. - `~` for home directory. - `λ` symbol Documentation is in the file for each setting. ### Changing Cmder Default `cmd.exe` Shell Startup Behaviour Using Task Arguments 1. Press <kbd>Win</kbd> + <kbd>Alt</kbd> + <kbd>T</kbd> 1. Click either: * `1. {cmd::Cmder as Admin}` * `2. {cmd::Cmder}` 1. Add command line arguments where specified below: *Note: Pay attention to the quotes!* ``` cmd /s /k ""%ConEmuDir%\..\init.bat" [ADD ARGS HERE]" ``` ##### Command Line Arguments for `init.bat` | Argument | Description | Default | | ----------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | | `/c [user cmder root]` | Enables user bin and config folders for 'Cmder as admin' sessions due to non-shared environment. | not set | | `/d` | Enables debug output. | not set | | `/f` | Enables Cmder Fast Init Mode. This disables some features, see pull request [#1492](https://github.com/cmderdev/cmder/pull/1942) for more details. | not set | | `/t` | Enables Cmder Timed Init Mode. This displays the time taken run init scripts | not set | | `/git_install_root [file path]` | User specified Git installation root path. | `%CMDER_ROOT%\vendor\Git-for-Windows` | | `/home [home folder]` | User specified folder path to set `%HOME%` environment variable. | `%userprofile%` | | `/max_depth [1-5]` | Define max recurse depth when adding to the path for `%cmder_root%\bin` and `%cmder_user_bin%` | 1 | | `/nix_tools [0-2]` | Define how `*nix` tools are added to the path. Prefer Windows Tools: 1, Prefer *nix Tools: 2, No `/usr/bin` in `%PATH%`: 0 | 1 | | `/svn_ssh [path to ssh.exe]` | Define `%SVN_SSH%` so we can use git svn with ssh svn repositories. | `%GIT_INSTALL_ROOT%\bin\ssh.exe` | | `/user_aliases [file path]` | File path pointing to user aliases. | `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\user_aliases.cmd` | | `/v` | Enables verbose output. | not set | | (custom arguments) | User defined arguments processed by `cexec`. Type `cexec /?` for more usage. | not set | ### Cmder Shell User Config Single user portable configuration is possible using the cmder specific shell config files. Edit the below files to add your own configuration: | Shell | Cmder Portable User Config | | ------------- | ----------------------------------------- | | Cmder | `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\user_profile.cmd` | | PowerShell | `$ENV:CMDER_ROOT\config\user_profile.ps1` | | Bash/Mintty | `$CMDER_ROOT/config/user_profile.sh` | Note: Bash and Mintty sessions will also source the `$HOME/.bashrc` file if it exists after it sources `$CMDER_ROOT/config/user_profile.sh`. You can write `*.cmd|*.bat`, `*.ps1`, and `*.sh` scripts and just drop them in the `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\profile.d` folder to add startup config to Cmder. | Shell | Cmder `Profile.d` Scripts | | ------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | | Cmder | `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\profile.d\*.bat and *.cmd` | | PowerShell | `$ENV:CMDER_ROOT\config\profile.d\*.ps1` | | Bash/Mintty | `$CMDER_ROOT/config/profile.d/*.sh` | #### Git Status Opt-Out To disable Cmder prompt git status globally add the following to `~/.gitconfig` or locally for a single repo `[repo]/.git/config` and start a new session. *Note: This configuration is not portable* ``` [cmder] status = false # Opt out of Git status for 'ALL' Cmder supported shells. cmdstatus = false # Opt out of Git status for 'Cmd.exe' shells. psstatus = false # Opt out of Git status for 'Powershell.exe and 'Pwsh.exe' shells. shstatus = false # Opt out of Git status for 'bash.exe' shells. ``` ### Aliases #### Cmder(`Cmd.exe`) Aliases You can define simple aliases for `cmd.exe` sessions with a command like `alias name=command`. Cmd.exe aliases support optional parameters through the `$1-9` or the `$*` special characters so the alias `vi=vim.exe $*` typed as `vi [filename]` will open `[filename]` in `vim.exe`. Cmd.exe aliases can also be more complex. See: [DOSKEY.EXE documentation](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/doskey) for additional details on complex aliases/macros for `cmd.exe` Aliases defined using the `alias.bat` command will automatically be saved in the `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\user_aliases.cmd` file To make an alias and/or any other profile settings permanent add it to one of the following: Note: These are loaded in this order by `$CMDER_ROOT/vendor/init.bat`. Anything stored in `%CMDER_ROOT%` will be a portable setting and will follow cmder to another machine. * `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\profile.d\*.cmd` and `\*.bat` * `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\user_aliases.cmd` * `%CMDER_ROOT%\config\user_profile.cmd` #### Bash.exe|Mintty.exe Aliases Bash shells support simple and complex aliases with optional parameters natively so they work a little different. Typing `alias name=command` will create an alias only for the current running session. To make an alias and/or any other profile settings permanent add it to one of the following: Note: These are loaded in this order by `$CMDER_ROOT/vendor/git-for-windows/etc/profile.d/cmder.sh`. Anything stored in `$CMDER_ROOT` will be a portable setting and will follow cmder to another machine. * `$CMDER_ROOT/config/profile.d/*.sh` * `$CMDER_ROOT/config/user_profile.sh` * `$HOME/.bashrc` If you add bash aliases to `$CMDER_ROOT/config/user_profile.sh` they will be portable and follow your Cmder folder if you copy it to another machine. `$HOME/.bashrc` defined aliases are not portable. #### PowerShell.exe Aliases PowerShell has native simple alias support, for example `[new-alias | set-alias] alias command`, so complex aliases with optional parameters are not supported in PowerShell sessions. Type `get-help [new-alias|set-alias] -full` for help on PowerShell aliases. To make an alias and/or any other profile settings permanent add it to one of the following: Note: These are loaded in this order by `$ENV:CMDER_ROOT\vendor\user_profile.ps1`. Anything stored in `$ENV:CMDER_ROOT` will be a portable setting and will follow cmder to another machine. * `$ENV:CMDER_ROOT\config\profile.d\*.ps1` * `$ENV:CMDER_ROOT\config\user_profile.ps1` ### SSH Agent To start the vendored SSH agent simply call `start-ssh-agent`, which is in the `vendor/git-for-windows/cmd` folder. If you want to run SSH agent on startup, include the line `@call "%GIT_INSTALL_ROOT%/cmd/start-ssh-agent.cmd"` in `%CMDER_ROOT%/config/user_profile.cmd` (usually just uncomment it). ### Vendored Git Cmder is by default shipped with a vendored Git installation. On each instance of launching Cmder, an attempt is made to locate any other user provided Git binaries. Upon finding a `git.exe` binary, Cmder further compares its version against the vendored one _by executing_ it. The vendored `git.exe` binary is _only_ used when it is more recent than the user-installed one. You may use your favorite version of Git by including its path in the `%PATH%` environment variable. Moreover, the **Mini** edition of Cmder (found on the [downloads page](https://github.com/cmderdev/cmder/releases)) excludes any vendored Git binaries. ### Using external Cygwin/Babun, MSys2, WSL, or Git for Windows SDK with Cmder. You may run bash (the default shell used on Linux, macOS and GNU/Hurd) externally on Cmder, using the following instructions: 1. Setup a new task by pressing <kbd>Win</kbd> +<kbd>Alt</kbd> + <kbd>T</kbd>. 1. Click the `+` button to add a task. 1. Name the new task in the top text box. 1. Provide task parameters, this is optional. 1. Add `cmd /c "[path_to_external_env]\bin\bash --login -i" -new_console` to the `Commands` text box. **Recommended Optional Steps:** Copy the `vendor/cmder_exinit` file to the Cygwin/Babun, MSys2, or Git for Windows SDK environments `/etc/profile.d/` folder to use portable settings in the `$CMDER_ROOT/config` folder. Note: MinGW could work if the init scripts include `profile.d` but this has not been tested. The destination file extension depends on the shell you use in that environment. For example: * bash - Copy to `/etc/profile.d/cmder_exinit.sh` * zsh - Copy to `/etc/profile.d/cmder_exinit.zsh` Uncomment and edit the below line in the script to use Cmder config even when launched from outside Cmder. ``` # CMDER_ROOT=${USERPROFILE}/cmder # This is not required if launched from Cmder. ``` ### Customizing user sessions using `init.bat` custom arguments. You can pass custom arguments to `init.bat` and use `cexec.cmd` in your `user_profile.cmd` to evaluate these arguments then execute commands based on a particular flag being detected or not. `init.bat` creates two shortcuts for using `cexec.cmd` in your profile scripts. #### `%ccall%` - Evaluates flags, runs commands if found, and returns to the calling script and continues. ``` ccall=call C:\Users\user\cmderdev\vendor\bin\cexec.cmd ``` Example: `%ccall% /startnotepad start notepad.exe` #### `%cexec%` - Evaluates flags, runs commands if found, and does not return to the calling script. ``` cexec=C:\Users\user\cmderdev\vendor\bin\cexec.cmd ``` Example: `%cexec% /startnotepad start notepad.exe` It is useful when you have multiple tasks to execute `cmder` and need it to initialize the session differently depending on the task chosen. To conditionally start `notepad.exe` when you start a specific `cmder` task: * Press <kbd>win</kbd>+<kbd>alt</kbd>+<kbd>t</kbd> * Click `+` to add a new task. * Add the below to the `Commands` block: ```batch cmd.exe /k ""%ConEmuDir%\..\init.bat" /startnotepad" ``` * Add the below to your `%cmder_root%\config\user_profile.cmd` ```batch %ccall% "/startNotepad" "start" "notepad.exe"` ``` To see detailed usage of `cexec`, type `cexec /?` in cmder. ### Integrating Cmder with [Hyper](https://github.com/zeit/hyper), [Microsoft VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/), and your favorite IDEs Cmder by default comes with a vendored ConEmu installation as the underlying terminal emulator, as stated [here](https://conemu.github.io/en/cmder.html). However, Cmder can in fact run in a variety of other terminal emulators, and even integrated IDEs. Assuming you have the latest version of Cmder, follow the following instructions to get Cmder working with your own terminal emulator. For instructions on how to integrate Cmder with your IDE, please read our [Wiki section](https://github.com/cmderdev/cmder/wiki#cmder-integration). ## Upgrading The process of upgrading Cmder depends on the version/build you are currently running. If you have a `[cmder_root]/config/user[-|_]conemu.xml`, you are running a newer version of Cmder, follow the below process: 1. Exit all Cmder sessions and relaunch `[cmder_root]/cmder.exe`, this backs up your existing `[cmder_root]/vendor/conemu-maximus5/conemu.xml` to `[cmder_root]/config/user[-|_]conemu.xml`. * The `[cmder_root]/config/user[-|_]conemu.xml` contains any custom settings you have made using the 'Setup Tasks' settings dialog. 2. Exit all Cmder sessions and backup any files you have manually edited under `[cmder_root]/vendor`. * Editing files under `[cmder_root]/vendor` is not recommended since you will need to re-apply these changes after any upgrade. All user customizations should go in `[cmder_root]/config` folder. 3. Delete the `[cmder_root]/vendor` folder. 4. Extract the new `cmder.zip` or `cmder_mini.zip` into `[cmder_root]/` overwriting all files when prompted. If you do not have a `[cmder_root]/config/user[-|_]conemu.xml`, you are running an older version of cmder, follow the below process: 1. Exit all Cmder sessions and backup `[cmder_root]/vendor/conemu-maximus5/conemu.xml` to `[cmder_root]/config/user[-|_]conemu.xml`. 2. Backup any files you have manually edited under `[cmder_root]/vendor`. * Editing files under `[cmder_root]/vendor` is not recommended since you will need to re-apply these changes after any upgrade. All user customizations should go in `[cmder_root]/config` folder. 3. Delete the `[cmder_root]/vendor` folder. 4. Extract the new `cmder.zip` or `cmder_mini.zip` into `[cmder_root]/` overwriting all files when prompted. ## Current development builds You can download builds of the current development branch by going to AppVeyor via the following link: [](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/MartiUK/cmder/branch/master/artifacts) ## License All software included is bundled with own license The MIT License (MIT) Copyright (c) 2016 Samuel Vasko Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
PhongPham101190 / Red C SDKMEGA SDK - Client Access Engine Coverity Scan Build Status MEGA --- The Privacy Company --- is a Secure Cloud Storage provider that protects your data thanks to end-to-end encryption. We call it User Controlled Encryption, or UCE, and all our clients automatically manage it. All files stored on MEGA are encrypted. All data transfers from and to MEGA are encrypted. And while most cloud storage providers can and do claim the same, MEGA is different – unlike the industry norm where the cloud storage provider holds the decryption key, with MEGA, you control the encryption, you hold the keys, and you decide who you grant or deny access to your files. This SDK brings you all the power of our client applications and let you create your own or analyze the security of our products. Are you ready to start? Please continue reading. SDK Contents In this SDK, you can find our low level SDK, that was already released few months after the MEGA launch, a new intermediate layer to make it easier to use and to bind with other programming languages, and example apps for all our currently supported platforms (Windows, Linux, OSX, Android, iOS and Windows Phone). In the examples folder you can find example apps using: The low level SDK: megacli (a powerful command line tool that allows to use all SDK features) megasimplesync (a command line tool that allows to use the synchronization engine) The intermediate layer: An example app for Visual Studio in examples/win32 An example app for Android (using Java bindings based on SWIG) in examples/android An example app for iOS (using Objective-C bindings) in examples/iOS An example app for Windows Phone (using Windows Phone bindings) in examples/wp8 Building If you plan to develop an app using this SDK, please use the stable branch or the last released tarball. The master branch is continuously evolving, could be unstable and could change very often. For platforms with Autotools, the generic way to build and install it is: sh autogen.sh ./configure make sudo make install That compilation will include the examples using our low level SDK (megacli and megasimplesync) You also have specific build instructions for OSX (doc/OSX.txt) and FreeBSD (doc/FreeBSD.txt) and a build script to automatically download and build the SDK along with all its dependencies (contrib/build_sdk.sh) For other platforms, or if you want to see how to use the new intermediate layer, the easiest way is to get a smooth start is to build one of the examples in subfolders of the examples folder. All these folders contains a README.md file with information about how to get the project up and running, including the installation of all required dependencies. Usage The low level SDK doesn't have inline documentation yet. If you want to use it, please check one of our example apps (examples/megacli, examples/megasimplesync). The new intermediate layer has been documented using Doxygen. The only public header that you need to include to use is include/megaapi.h. You can read the documentation in that header file, or download the same documentation in HTML format from this link: https://mega.co.nz/#!c5FzhBJL!HUVjsOJTylwkmXPZ0AxT66Wuu4YvZInyHbWGYgvTHt4 Additional info Platform Dependencies Dependencies are different for each platform because the SDK uses generic interfaces to get some features and they have different implentations: Network (cURL with OpenSSL/c-ares or WinHTTP) Filesystem access (Posix or Win32) Graphics management (FreeImage, QT or iOS frameworks) Database (SQLite or Berkeley DB) Threads/mutexes (Win32, pthread, QT threads, or C++11) POSIX (Linux/Darwin/BSD/OSX ...) Install the following development packages, if available, or download and compile their respective sources (package names are for Debian and RedHat derivatives, respectively): cURL (libcurl4-openssl-dev, libcurl-devel), compiled with --enable-ssl c-ares (libc-ares-dev, libcares-devel, c-ares-devel) OpenSSL (libssl-dev, openssl-devel) Crypto++ (libcrypto++-dev, libcryptopp-devel) zlib (zlib1g-dev, zlib-devel) SQLite (libsqlite3-dev, sqlite-devel) or configure --without-sqlite FreeImage (libfreeimage-dev, freeimage-devel) or configure --without-freeimage pthread Optional dependency: Sodium (libsodium-dev, libsodium-devel), configure --with-sodium Filesystem event monitoring: The provided filesystem layer implements the Linux inotify and the MacOS fsevents interfaces. To build the reference megacli example, you may also need to install: GNU Readline (libreadline-dev, readline-devel) For Android, we provide an additional implementation of the graphics subsystem using Android libraries. For iOS, we provide an additional implementation of the graphics subsystem using Objective C frameworks. Windows To build the client access engine under Windows, you'll need the following: A Windows-native C++ development environment (e.g. MinGW or Visual Studio) Crypto++ zlib (until WinHTTP learns how to deal with Content-Encoding: gzip) SQLite or configure --without-sqlite FreeImage or configure --without-freeimage pthreads (MinGW) Optional dependency: Sodium or configure --with-sodium To build the reference megacli.exe example, you will also need to procure development packages (at least headers and .lib/.a libraries) of: GNU Readline/Termcap Folder syncing In this version, the sync functionality is limited in scope and functionality: There is no locking between clients accessing the same remote folder. Concurrent creation of identically named files and folders can result in server-side dupes. Syncing between clients with differing filesystem naming semantics can lead to loss of data, e.g. when syncing a folder containing ABC.TXT and abc.txt with a Windows client. On POSIX platforms, filenames are assumed to be encoded in UTF-8. Invalid byte sequences can lead to undefined behaviour. Local filesystem items must not be exposed to the sync subsystem more than once. Any dupes, whether by nesting syncs or through filesystem links, will lead to unexpected results and loss of data. No in-place versioning. Deleted remote files can be found in //bin/SyncDebris (only when syncing to the logged in account's own cloud drive - there is no SyncDebris facility on syncs to inbound shares), deleted local files in a sync-specific hidden debris folder located in the local sync's root folder. No delta writes. Changed files are always overwritten as a whole, which means that it is not a good idea to sync e.g. live database tables. No direct peer-to-peer syncing. Even two machines in the same local subnet will still sync via the remote storage infrastructure. No support for unidirectional syncing (backup-only, restore-only). Syncing to an inbound share requires it to have full access rights. megacli on Windows The megacli example is currently not handling console Unicode input/output correctly if run in cmd.exe. Filename caveats: Please prefix all paths with \\?\ to avoid the following issues: The MAX_PATH (260 character) length limitation, which would make it impossible to access files in deep directory structures Prohibited filenames (con/prn/aux/clock$/nul/com1...com9/lpt1...lpt9). Such files and folders will still be inaccessible through e.g. Explorer! Also, disable automatic short name generation to eliminate the risk of clashes with existing short names.
vimalgandhi / Docker Commands Help Tips# Docker Commands, Help & Tips ### Show commands & management commands ``` $ docker ``` ### Docker version info ``` $ docker version ``` ### Show info like number of containers, etc ``` $ docker info ``` # WORKING WITH CONTAINERS ### Create an run a container in foreground ``` $ docker container run -it -p 80:80 nginx ``` ### Create an run a container in background ``` $ docker container run -d -p 80:80 nginx ``` ### Shorthand ``` $ docker container run -d -p 80:80 nginx ``` ### Naming Containers ``` $ docker container run -d -p 80:80 --name nginx-server nginx ``` ### TIP: WHAT RUN DID - Looked for image called nginx in image cache - If not found in cache, it looks to the default image repo on Dockerhub - Pulled it down (latest version), stored in the image cache - Started it in a new container - We specified to take port 80- on the host and forward to port 80 on the container - We could do "$ docker container run --publish 8000:80 --detach nginx" to use port 8000 - We can specify versions like "nginx:1.09" ### List running containers ``` $ docker container ls ``` OR ``` $ docker ps ``` ### List all containers (Even if not running) ``` $ docker container ls -a ``` ### Stop container ``` $ docker container stop [ID] ``` ### Stop all running containers ``` $ docker stop $(docker ps -aq) ``` ### Remove container (Can not remove running containers, must stop first) ``` $ docker container rm [ID] ``` ### To remove a running container use force(-f) ``` $ docker container rm -f [ID] ``` ### Remove multiple containers ``` $ docker container rm [ID] [ID] [ID] ``` ### Remove all containers ``` $ docker rm $(docker ps -aq) ``` ### Get logs (Use name or ID) ``` $ docker container logs [NAME] ``` ### List processes running in container ``` $ docker container top [NAME] ``` #### TIP: ABOUT CONTAINERS Docker containers are often compared to virtual machines but they are actually just processes running on your host os. In Windows/Mac, Docker runs in a mini-VM so to see the processes youll need to connect directly to that. On Linux however you can run "ps aux" and see the processes directly # IMAGE COMMANDS ### List the images we have pulled ``` $ docker image ls ``` ### We can also just pull down images ``` $ docker pull [IMAGE] ``` ### Remove image ``` $ docker image rm [IMAGE] ``` ### Remove all images ``` $ docker rmi $(docker images -a -q) ``` #### TIP: ABOUT IMAGES - Images are app bianaries and dependencies with meta data about the image data and how to run the image - Images are no a complete OS. No kernel, kernel modules (drivers) - Host provides the kernel, big difference between VM ### Some sample container creation NGINX: ``` $ docker container run -d -p 80:80 --name nginx nginx (-p 80:80 is optional as it runs on 80 by default) ``` APACHE: ``` $ docker container run -d -p 8080:80 --name apache httpd ``` MONGODB: ``` $ docker container run -d -p 27017:27017 --name mongo mongo ``` MYSQL: ``` $ docker container run -d -p 3306:3306 --name mysql --env MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 mysql ``` ## CONTAINER INFO ### View info on container ``` $ docker container inspect [NAME] ``` ### Specific property (--format) ``` $ docker container inspect --format '{{ .NetworkSettings.IPAddress }}' [NAME] ``` ### Performance stats (cpu, mem, network, disk, etc) ``` $ docker container stats [NAME] ``` ## ACCESSING CONTAINERS ### Create new nginx container and bash into ``` $ docker container run -it --name [NAME] nginx bash ``` - i = interactive Keep STDIN open if not attached - t = tty - Open prompt **For Git Bash, use "winpty"** ``` $ winpty docker container run -it --name [NAME] nginx bash ``` ### Run/Create Ubuntu container ``` $ docker container run -it --name ubuntu ubuntu ``` **(no bash because ubuntu uses bash by default)** ### You can also make it so when you exit the container does not stay by using the -rm flag ``` $ docker container run --rm -it --name [NAME] ubuntu ``` ### Access an already created container, start with -ai ``` $ docker container start -ai ubuntu ``` ### Use exec to edit config, etc ``` $ docker container exec -it mysql bash ``` ### Alpine is a very small Linux distro good for docker ``` $ docker container run -it alpine sh ``` (use sh because it does not include bash) (alpine uses apk for its package manager - can install bash if you want) # NETWORKING ### "bridge" or "docker0" is the default network ### Get port ``` $ docker container port [NAME] ``` ### List networks ``` $ docker network ls ``` ### Inspect network ``` $ docker network inspect [NETWORK_NAME] ("bridge" is default) ``` ### Create network ``` $ docker network create [NETWORK_NAME] ``` ### Create container on network ``` $ docker container run -d --name [NAME] --network [NETWORK_NAME] nginx ``` ### Connect existing container to network ``` $ docker network connect [NETWORK_NAME] [CONTAINER_NAME] ``` ### Disconnect container from network ``` $ docker network disconnect [NETWORK_NAME] [CONTAINER_NAME] ``` ### Detach network from container ``` $ docker network disconnect ``` # IMAGE TAGGING & PUSHING TO DOCKERHUB # tags are labels that point ot an image ID ``` $ docker image ls ``` Youll see that each image has a tag ### Retag existing image ``` $ docker image tag nginx btraversy/nginx ``` ### Upload to dockerhub ``` $ docker image push bradtraversy/nginx ``` ### If denied, do ``` $ docker login ``` ### Add tag to new image ``` $ docker image tag bradtraversy/nginx bradtraversy/nginx:testing ``` ### DOCKERFILE PARTS - FROM - The os used. Common is alpine, debian, ubuntu - ENV - Environment variables - RUN - Run commands/shell scripts, etc - EXPOSE - Ports to expose - CMD - Final command run when you launch a new container from image - WORKDIR - Sets working directory (also could use 'RUN cd /some/path') - COPY # Copies files from host to container ### Build image from dockerfile (reponame can be whatever) ### From the same directory as Dockerfile ``` $ docker image build -t [REPONAME] . ``` #### TIP: CACHE & ORDER - If you re-run the build, it will be quick because everythging is cached. - If you change one line and re-run, that line and everything after will not be cached - Keep things that change the most toward the bottom of the Dockerfile # EXTENDING DOCKERFILE ### Custom Dockerfile for html paqge with nginx ``` FROM nginx:latest # Extends nginx so everything included in that image is included here WORKDIR /usr/share/nginx/html COPY index.html index.html ``` ### Build image from Dockerfile ``` $ docker image build -t nginx-website ``` ### Running it ``` $ docker container run -p 80:80 --rm nginx-website ``` ### Tag and push to Dockerhub ``` $ docker image tag nginx-website:latest btraversy/nginx-website:latest ``` ``` $ docker image push bradtraversy/nginx-website ``` # VOLUMES ### Volume - Makes special location outside of container UFS. Used for databases ### Bind Mount -Link container path to host path ### Check volumes ``` $ docker volume ls ``` ### Cleanup unused volumes ``` $ docker volume prune ``` ### Pull down mysql image to test ``` $ docker pull mysql ``` ### Inspect and see volume ``` $ docker image inspect mysql ``` ### Run container ``` $ docker container run -d --name mysql -e MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=True mysql ``` ### Inspect and see volume in container ``` $ docker container inspect mysql ``` #### TIP: Mounts - You will also see the volume under mounts - Container gets its own uniqe location on the host to store that data - Source: xxx is where it lives on the host ### Check volumes ``` $ docker volume ls ``` **There is no way to tell volumes apart for instance with 2 mysql containers, so we used named volumes** ### Named volumes (Add -v command)(the name here is mysql-db which could be anything) ``` $ docker container run -d --name mysql -e MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=True -v mysql-db:/var/lib/mysql mysql ``` ### Inspect new named volume ``` docker volume inspect mysql-db ``` # BIND MOUNTS - Can not use in Dockerfile, specified at run time (uses -v as well) - ... run -v /Users/brad/stuff:/path/container (mac/linux) - ... run -v //c/Users/brad/stuff:/path/container (windows) **TIP: Instead of typing out local path, for working directory use $(pwd):/path/container - On windows may not work unless you are in your users folder** ### Run and be able to edit index.html file (local dir should have the Dockerfile and the index.html) ``` $ docker container run -p 80:80 -v $(pwd):/usr/share/nginx/html nginx ``` ### Go into the container and check ``` $ docker container exec -it nginx bash $ cd /usr/share/nginx/html $ ls -al ``` ### You could create a file in the container and it will exiost on the host as well ``` $ touch test.txt ``` # DOCKER COMPOSE - Configure relationships between containers - Save our docker container run settings in easy to read file - 2 Parts: YAML File (docker.compose.yml) + CLI tool (docker-compose) ### 1. docker.compose.yml - Describes solutions for - containers - networks - volumes ### 2. docker-compose CLI - used for local dev/test automation with YAML files ### Sample compose file (From Bret Fishers course) ``` version: '2' # same as # docker run -p 80:4000 -v $(pwd):/site bretfisher/jekyll-serve services: jekyll: image: bretfisher/jekyll-serve volumes: - .:/site ports: - '80:4000' ``` ### To run ``` docker-compose up ``` ### You can run in background with ``` docker-compose up -d ``` ### To cleanup ``` docker-compose down ```
heru299 / Script Copy-? Print this help message and exit -alertnotify=<cmd> Execute command when a relevant alert is received or we see a really long fork (%s in cmd is replaced by message) -assumevalid=<hex> If this block is in the chain assume that it and its ancestors are valid and potentially skip their script verification (0 to verify all, default: 0000000000000000000b9d2ec5a352ecba0592946514a92f14319dc2b367fc72, testnet: 000000000000006433d1efec504c53ca332b64963c425395515b01977bd7b3b0, signet: 0000002a1de0f46379358c1fd09906f7ac59adf3712323ed90eb59e4c183c020) -blockfilterindex=<type> Maintain an index of compact filters by block (default: 0, values: basic). If <type> is not supplied or if <type> = 1, indexes for all known types are enabled. -blocknotify=<cmd> Execute command when the best block changes (%s in cmd is replaced by block hash) -blockreconstructionextratxn=<n> Extra transactions to keep in memory for compact block reconstructions (default: 100) -blocksdir=<dir> Specify directory to hold blocks subdirectory for *.dat files (default: <datadir>) -blocksonly Whether to reject transactions from network peers. Automatic broadcast and rebroadcast of any transactions from inbound peers is disabled, unless the peer has the 'forcerelay' permission. RPC transactions are not affected. (default: 0) -conf=<file> Specify path to read-only configuration file. Relative paths will be prefixed by datadir location. (default: bitcoin.conf) -daemon Run in the background as a daemon and accept commands -datadir=<dir> Specify data directory -dbcache=<n> Maximum database cache size <n> MiB (4 to 16384, default: 450). In addition, unused mempool memory is shared for this cache (see -maxmempool). -debuglogfile=<file> Specify location of debug log file. Relative paths will be prefixed by a net-specific datadir location. (-nodebuglogfile to disable; default: debug.log) -includeconf=<file> Specify additional configuration file, relative to the -datadir path (only useable from configuration file, not command line) -loadblock=<file> Imports blocks from external file on startup -maxmempool=<n> Keep the transaction memory pool below <n> megabytes (default: 300) -maxorphantx=<n> Keep at most <n> unconnectable transactions in memory (default: 100) -mempoolexpiry=<n> Do not keep transactions in the mempool longer than <n> hours (default: 336) -par=<n> Set the number of script verification threads (-8 to 15, 0 = auto, <0 = leave that many cores free, default: 0) -persistmempool Whether to save the mempool on shutdown and load on restart (default: 1) -pid=<file> Specify pid file. Relative paths will be prefixed by a net-specific datadir location. (default: bitcoind.pid) -prune=<n> Reduce storage requirements by enabling pruning (deleting) of old blocks. This allows the pruneblockchain RPC to be called to delete specific blocks, and enables automatic pruning of old blocks if a target size in MiB is provided. This mode is incompatible with -txindex and -rescan. Warning: Reverting this setting requires re-downloading the entire blockchain. (default: 0 = disable pruning blocks, 1 = allow manual pruning via RPC, >=550 = automatically prune block files to stay under the specified target size in MiB) -reindex Rebuild chain state and block index from the blk*.dat files on disk -reindex-chainstate Rebuild chain state from the currently indexed blocks. When in pruning mode or if blocks on disk might be corrupted, use full -reindex instead. -settings=<file> Specify path to dynamic settings data file. Can be disabled with -nosettings. File is written at runtime and not meant to be edited by users (use bitcoin.conf instead for custom settings). Relative paths will be prefixed by datadir location. (default: settings.json) -startupnotify=<cmd> Execute command on startup. -sysperms Create new files with system default permissions, instead of umask 077 (only effective with disabled wallet functionality) -txindex Maintain a full transaction index, used by the getrawtransaction rpc call (default: 0) -version Print version and exit Connection options: -addnode=<ip> Add a node to connect to and attempt to keep the connection open (see the `addnode` RPC command help for more info). This option can be specified multiple times to add multiple nodes. -asmap=<file> Specify asn mapping used for bucketing of the peers (default: ip_asn.map). Relative paths will be prefixed by the net-specific datadir location. -bantime=<n> Default duration (in seconds) of manually configured bans (default: 86400) -bind=<addr>[:<port>][=onion] Bind to given address and always listen on it (default: 0.0.0.0). Use [host]:port notation for IPv6. Append =onion to tag any incoming connections to that address and port as incoming Tor connections (default: 127.0.0.1:8334=onion, testnet: 127.0.0.1:18334=onion, signet: 127.0.0.1:38334=onion, regtest: 127.0.0.1:18445=onion) -connect=<ip> Connect only to the specified node; -noconnect disables automatic connections (the rules for this peer are the same as for -addnode). This option can be specified multiple times to connect to multiple nodes. -discover Discover own IP addresses (default: 1 when listening and no -externalip or -proxy) -dns Allow DNS lookups for -addnode, -seednode and -connect (default: 1) -dnsseed Query for peer addresses via DNS lookup, if low on addresses (default: 1 unless -connect used) -externalip=<ip> Specify your own public address -forcednsseed Always query for peer addresses via DNS lookup (default: 0) -listen Accept connections from outside (default: 1 if no -proxy or -connect) -listenonion Automatically create Tor onion service (default: 1) -maxconnections=<n> Maintain at most <n> connections to peers (default: 125) -maxreceivebuffer=<n> Maximum per-connection receive buffer, <n>*1000 bytes (default: 5000) -maxsendbuffer=<n> Maximum per-connection send buffer, <n>*1000 bytes (default: 1000) -maxtimeadjustment Maximum allowed median peer time offset adjustment. Local perspective of time may be influenced by peers forward or backward by this amount. (default: 4200 seconds) -maxuploadtarget=<n> Tries to keep outbound traffic under the given target (in MiB per 24h). Limit does not apply to peers with 'download' permission. 0 = no limit (default: 0) -networkactive Enable all P2P network activity (default: 1). Can be changed by the setnetworkactive RPC command -onion=<ip:port> Use separate SOCKS5 proxy to reach peers via Tor onion services, set -noonion to disable (default: -proxy) -onlynet=<net> Make outgoing connections only through network <net> (ipv4, ipv6 or onion). Incoming connections are not affected by this option. This option can be specified multiple times to allow multiple networks. -peerblockfilters Serve compact block filters to peers per BIP 157 (default: 0) -peerbloomfilters Support filtering of blocks and transaction with bloom filters (default: 0) -permitbaremultisig Relay non-P2SH multisig (default: 1) -port=<port> Listen for connections on <port>. Nodes not using the default ports (default: 8333, testnet: 18333, signet: 38333, regtest: 18444) are unlikely to get incoming connections. -proxy=<ip:port> Connect through SOCKS5 proxy, set -noproxy to disable (default: disabled) -proxyrandomize Randomize credentials for every proxy connection. This enables Tor stream isolation (default: 1) -seednode=<ip> Connect to a node to retrieve peer addresses, and disconnect. This option can be specified multiple times to connect to multiple nodes. -timeout=<n> Specify connection timeout in milliseconds (minimum: 1, default: 5000) -torcontrol=<ip>:<port> Tor control port to use if onion listening enabled (default: 127.0.0.1:9051) -torpassword=<pass> Tor control port password (default: empty) -upnp Use UPnP to map the listening port (default: 0) -whitebind=<[permissions@]addr> Bind to the given address and add permission flags to the peers connecting to it. Use [host]:port notation for IPv6. Allowed permissions: bloomfilter (allow requesting BIP37 filtered blocks and transactions), noban (do not ban for misbehavior; implies download), forcerelay (relay transactions that are already in the mempool; implies relay), relay (relay even in -blocksonly mode, and unlimited transaction announcements), mempool (allow requesting BIP35 mempool contents), download (allow getheaders during IBD, no disconnect after maxuploadtarget limit), addr (responses to GETADDR avoid hitting the cache and contain random records with the most up-to-date info). Specify multiple permissions separated by commas (default: download,noban,mempool,relay). Can be specified multiple times. -whitelist=<[permissions@]IP address or network> Add permission flags to the peers connecting from the given IP address (e.g. 1.2.3.4) or CIDR-notated network (e.g. 1.2.3.0/24). Uses the same permissions as -whitebind. Can be specified multiple times. Wallet options: -addresstype What type of addresses to use ("legacy", "p2sh-segwit", or "bech32", default: "bech32") -avoidpartialspends Group outputs by address, selecting all or none, instead of selecting on a per-output basis. Privacy is improved as an address is only used once (unless someone sends to it after spending from it), but may result in slightly higher fees as suboptimal coin selection may result due to the added limitation (default: 0 (always enabled for wallets with "avoid_reuse" enabled)) -changetype What type of change to use ("legacy", "p2sh-segwit", or "bech32"). Default is same as -addresstype, except when -addresstype=p2sh-segwit a native segwit output is used when sending to a native segwit address) -disablewallet Do not load the wallet and disable wallet RPC calls -discardfee=<amt> The fee rate (in BTC/kB) that indicates your tolerance for discarding change by adding it to the fee (default: 0.0001). Note: An output is discarded if it is dust at this rate, but we will always discard up to the dust relay fee and a discard fee above that is limited by the fee estimate for the longest target -fallbackfee=<amt> A fee rate (in BTC/kB) that will be used when fee estimation has insufficient data. 0 to entirely disable the fallbackfee feature. (default: 0.00) -keypool=<n> Set key pool size to <n> (default: 1000). Warning: Smaller sizes may increase the risk of losing funds when restoring from an old backup, if none of the addresses in the original keypool have been used. -maxapsfee=<n> Spend up to this amount in additional (absolute) fees (in BTC) if it allows the use of partial spend avoidance (default: 0.00) -mintxfee=<amt> Fees (in BTC/kB) smaller than this are considered zero fee for transaction creation (default: 0.00001) -paytxfee=<amt> Fee (in BTC/kB) to add to transactions you send (default: 0.00) -rescan Rescan the block chain for missing wallet transactions on startup -spendzeroconfchange Spend unconfirmed change when sending transactions (default: 1) -txconfirmtarget=<n> If paytxfee is not set, include enough fee so transactions begin confirmation on average within n blocks (default: 6) -wallet=<path> Specify wallet path to load at startup. Can be used multiple times to load multiple wallets. Path is to a directory containing wallet data and log files. If the path is not absolute, it is interpreted relative to <walletdir>. This only loads existing wallets and does not create new ones. For backwards compatibility this also accepts names of existing top-level data files in <walletdir>. -walletbroadcast Make the wallet broadcast transactions (default: 1) -walletdir=<dir> Specify directory to hold wallets (default: <datadir>/wallets if it exists, otherwise <datadir>) -walletnotify=<cmd> Execute command when a wallet transaction changes. %s in cmd is replaced by TxID and %w is replaced by wallet name. %w is not currently implemented on windows. On systems where %w is supported, it should NOT be quoted because this would break shell escaping used to invoke the command. -walletrbf Send transactions with full-RBF opt-in enabled (RPC only, default: 0) ZeroMQ notification options: -zmqpubhashblock=<address> Enable publish hash block in <address> -zmqpubhashblockhwm=<n> Set publish hash block outbound message high water mark (default: 1000) -zmqpubhashtx=<address> Enable publish hash transaction in <address> -zmqpubhashtxhwm=<n> Set publish hash transaction outbound message high water mark (default: 1000) -zmqpubrawblock=<address> Enable publish raw block in <address> -zmqpubrawblockhwm=<n> Set publish raw block outbound message high water mark (default: 1000) -zmqpubrawtx=<address> Enable publish raw transaction in <address> -zmqpubrawtxhwm=<n> Set publish raw transaction outbound message high water mark (default: 1000) -zmqpubsequence=<address> Enable publish hash block and tx sequence in <address> -zmqpubsequencehwm=<n> Set publish hash sequence message high water mark (default: 1000) Debugging/Testing options: -debug=<category> Output debugging information (default: -nodebug, supplying <category> is optional). If <category> is not supplied or if <category> = 1, output all debugging information. <category> can be: net, tor, mempool, http, bench, zmq, walletdb, rpc, estimatefee, addrman, selectcoins, reindex, cmpctblock, rand, prune, proxy, mempoolrej, libevent, coindb, qt, leveldb, validation. -debugexclude=<category> Exclude debugging information for a category. Can be used in conjunction with -debug=1 to output debug logs for all categories except one or more specified categories. -help-debug Print help message with debugging options and exit -logips Include IP addresses in debug output (default: 0) -logthreadnames Prepend debug output with name of the originating thread (only available on platforms supporting thread_local) (default: 0) -logtimestamps Prepend debug output with timestamp (default: 1) -maxtxfee=<amt> Maximum total fees (in BTC) to use in a single wallet transaction; setting this too low may abort large transactions (default: 0.10) -printtoconsole Send trace/debug info to console (default: 1 when no -daemon. To disable logging to file, set -nodebuglogfile) -shrinkdebugfile Shrink debug.log file on client startup (default: 1 when no -debug) -uacomment=<cmt> Append comment to the user agent string Chain selection options: -chain=<chain> Use the chain <chain> (default: main). Allowed values: main, test, signet, regtest -signet Use the signet chain. Equivalent to -chain=signet. Note that the network is defined by the -signetchallenge parameter -signetchallenge Blocks must satisfy the given script to be considered valid (only for signet networks; defaults to the global default signet test network challenge) -signetseednode Specify a seed node for the signet network, in the hostname[:port] format, e.g. sig.net:1234 (may be used multiple times to specify multiple seed nodes; defaults to the global default signet test network seed node(s)) -testnet Use the test chain. Equivalent to -chain=test. Node relay options: -bytespersigop Equivalent bytes per sigop in transactions for relay and mining (default: 20) -datacarrier Relay and mine data carrier transactions (default: 1) -datacarriersize Maximum size of data in data carrier transactions we relay and mine (default: 83) -minrelaytxfee=<amt> Fees (in BTC/kB) smaller than this are considered zero fee for relaying, mining and transaction creation (default: 0.00001) -whitelistforcerelay Add 'forcerelay' permission to whitelisted inbound peers with default permissions. This will relay transactions even if the transactions were already in the mempool. (default: 0) -whitelistrelay Add 'relay' permission to whitelisted inbound peers with default permissions. This will accept relayed transactions even when not relaying transactions (default: 1) Block creation options: -blockmaxweight=<n> Set maximum BIP141 block weight (default: 3996000) -blockmintxfee=<amt> Set lowest fee rate (in BTC/kB) for transactions to be included in block creation. (default: 0.00001) RPC server options: -rest Accept public REST requests (default: 0) -rpcallowip=<ip> Allow JSON-RPC connections from specified source. Valid for <ip> are a single IP (e.g. 1.2.3.4), a network/netmask (e.g. 1.2.3.4/255.255.255.0) or a network/CIDR (e.g. 1.2.3.4/24). This option can be specified multiple times -rpcauth=<userpw> Username and HMAC-SHA-256 hashed password for JSON-RPC connections. The field <userpw> comes in the format: <USERNAME>:<SALT>$<HASH>. A canonical python script is included in share/rpcauth. The client then connects normally using the rpcuser=<USERNAME>/rpcpassword=<PASSWORD> pair of arguments. This option can be specified multiple times -rpcbind=<addr>[:port] Bind to given address to listen for JSON-RPC connections. Do not expose the RPC server to untrusted networks such as the public internet! This option is ignored unless -rpcallowip is also passed. Port is optional and overrides -rpcport. Use [host]:port notation for IPv6. This option can be specified multiple times (default: 127.0.0.1 and ::1 i.e., localhost) -rpccookiefile=<loc> Location of the auth cookie. Relative paths will be prefixed by a net-specific datadir location. (default: data dir) -rpcpassword=<pw> Password for JSON-RPC connections -rpcport=<port> Listen for JSON-RPC connections on <port> (default: 8332, testnet: 18332, signet: 38332, regtest: 18443) -rpcserialversion Sets the serialization of raw transaction or block hex returned in non-verbose mode, non-segwit(0) or segwit(1) (default: 1) -rpcthreads=<n> Set the number of threads to service RPC calls (default: 4) -rpcuser=<user> Username for JSON-RPC connections -rpcwhitelist=<whitelist> Set a whitelist to filter incoming RPC calls for a specific user. The field <whitelist> comes in the format: <USERNAME>:<rpc 1>,<rpc 2>,...,<rpc n>. If multiple whitelists are set for a given user, they are set-intersected. See -rpcwhitelistdefault documentation for information on default whitelist behavior. -rpcwhitelistdefault Sets default behavior for rpc whitelisting. Unless rpcwhitelistdefault is set to 0, if any -rpcwhitelist is set, the rpc server acts as if all rpc users are subject to empty-unless-otherwise-specified whitelists. If rpcwhitelistdefault is set to 1 and no -rpcwhitelist is set, rpc server acts as if all rpc users are subject to empty whitelists. -server Accept command line and JSON-RPC commands ~ $
HlaingPhyoAung / SqlmapUsage: python sqlmap.py [options] Options: -h, --help Show basic help message and exit -hh Show advanced help message and exit --version Show program's version number and exit -v VERBOSE Verbosity level: 0-6 (default 1) Target: At least one of these options has to be provided to define the target(s) -d DIRECT Connection string for direct database connection -u URL, --url=URL Target URL (e.g. "http://www.site.com/vuln.php?id=1") -l LOGFILE Parse target(s) from Burp or WebScarab proxy log file -x SITEMAPURL Parse target(s) from remote sitemap(.xml) file -m BULKFILE Scan multiple targets given in a textual file -r REQUESTFILE Load HTTP request from a file -g GOOGLEDORK Process Google dork results as target URLs -c CONFIGFILE Load options from a configuration INI file Request: These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target URL --method=METHOD Force usage of given HTTP method (e.g. PUT) --data=DATA Data string to be sent through POST --param-del=PARA.. Character used for splitting parameter values --cookie=COOKIE HTTP Cookie header value --cookie-del=COO.. Character used for splitting cookie values --load-cookies=L.. File containing cookies in Netscape/wget format --drop-set-cookie Ignore Set-Cookie header from response --user-agent=AGENT HTTP User-Agent header value --random-agent Use randomly selected HTTP User-Agent header value --host=HOST HTTP Host header value --referer=REFERER HTTP Referer header value -H HEADER, --hea.. Extra header (e.g. "X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1") --headers=HEADERS Extra headers (e.g. "Accept-Language: fr\nETag: 123") --auth-type=AUTH.. HTTP authentication type (Basic, Digest, NTLM or PKI) --auth-cred=AUTH.. HTTP authentication credentials (name:password) --auth-file=AUTH.. HTTP authentication PEM cert/private key file --ignore-401 Ignore HTTP Error 401 (Unauthorized) --proxy=PROXY Use a proxy to connect to the target URL --proxy-cred=PRO.. Proxy authentication credentials (name:password) --proxy-file=PRO.. Load proxy list from a file --ignore-proxy Ignore system default proxy settings --tor Use Tor anonymity network --tor-port=TORPORT Set Tor proxy port other than default --tor-type=TORTYPE Set Tor proxy type (HTTP (default), SOCKS4 or SOCKS5) --check-tor Check to see if Tor is used properly --delay=DELAY Delay in seconds between each HTTP request --timeout=TIMEOUT Seconds to wait before timeout connection (default 30) --retries=RETRIES Retries when the connection timeouts (default 3) --randomize=RPARAM Randomly change value for given parameter(s) --safe-url=SAFEURL URL address to visit frequently during testing --safe-post=SAFE.. POST data to send to a safe URL --safe-req=SAFER.. Load safe HTTP request from a file --safe-freq=SAFE.. Test requests between two visits to a given safe URL --skip-urlencode Skip URL encoding of payload data --csrf-token=CSR.. Parameter used to hold anti-CSRF token --csrf-url=CSRFURL URL address to visit to extract anti-CSRF token --force-ssl Force usage of SSL/HTTPS --hpp Use HTTP parameter pollution method --eval=EVALCODE Evaluate provided Python code before the request (e.g. "import hashlib;id2=hashlib.md5(id).hexdigest()") Optimization: These options can be used to optimize the performance of sqlmap -o Turn on all optimization switches --predict-output Predict common queries output --keep-alive Use persistent HTTP(s) connections --null-connection Retrieve page length without actual HTTP response body --threads=THREADS Max number of concurrent HTTP(s) requests (default 1) Injection: These options can be used to specify which parameters to test for, provide custom injection payloads and optional tampering scripts -p TESTPARAMETER Testable parameter(s) --skip=SKIP Skip testing for given parameter(s) --skip-static Skip testing parameters that not appear dynamic --dbms=DBMS Force back-end DBMS to this value --dbms-cred=DBMS.. DBMS authentication credentials (user:password) --os=OS Force back-end DBMS operating system to this value --invalid-bignum Use big numbers for invalidating values --invalid-logical Use logical operations for invalidating values --invalid-string Use random strings for invalidating values --no-cast Turn off payload casting mechanism --no-escape Turn off string escaping mechanism --prefix=PREFIX Injection payload prefix string --suffix=SUFFIX Injection payload suffix string --tamper=TAMPER Use given script(s) for tampering injection data Detection: These options can be used to customize the detection phase --level=LEVEL Level of tests to perform (1-5, default 1) --risk=RISK Risk of tests to perform (1-3, default 1) --string=STRING String to match when query is evaluated to True --not-string=NOT.. String to match when query is evaluated to False --regexp=REGEXP Regexp to match when query is evaluated to True --code=CODE HTTP code to match when query is evaluated to True --text-only Compare pages based only on the textual content --titles Compare pages based only on their titles Techniques: These options can be used to tweak testing of specific SQL injection techniques --technique=TECH SQL injection techniques to use (default "BEUSTQ") --time-sec=TIMESEC Seconds to delay the DBMS response (default 5) --union-cols=UCOLS Range of columns to test for UNION query SQL injection --union-char=UCHAR Character to use for bruteforcing number of columns --union-from=UFROM Table to use in FROM part of UNION query SQL injection --dns-domain=DNS.. Domain name used for DNS exfiltration attack --second-order=S.. Resulting page URL searched for second-order response Fingerprint: -f, --fingerprint Perform an extensive DBMS version fingerprint Enumeration: These options can be used to enumerate the back-end database management system information, structure and data contained in the tables. Moreover you can run your own SQL statements -a, --all Retrieve everything -b, --banner Retrieve DBMS banner --current-user Retrieve DBMS current user --current-db Retrieve DBMS current database --hostname Retrieve DBMS server hostname --is-dba Detect if the DBMS current user is DBA --users Enumerate DBMS users --passwords Enumerate DBMS users password hashes --privileges Enumerate DBMS users privileges --roles Enumerate DBMS users roles --dbs Enumerate DBMS databases --tables Enumerate DBMS database tables --columns Enumerate DBMS database table columns --schema Enumerate DBMS schema --count Retrieve number of entries for table(s) --dump Dump DBMS database table entries --dump-all Dump all DBMS databases tables entries --search Search column(s), table(s) and/or database name(s) --comments Retrieve DBMS comments -D DB DBMS database to enumerate -T TBL DBMS database table(s) to enumerate -C COL DBMS database table column(s) to enumerate -X EXCLUDECOL DBMS database table column(s) to not enumerate -U USER DBMS user to enumerate --exclude-sysdbs Exclude DBMS system databases when enumerating tables --pivot-column=P.. Pivot column name --where=DUMPWHERE Use WHERE condition while table dumping --start=LIMITSTART First query output entry to retrieve --stop=LIMITSTOP Last query output entry to retrieve --first=FIRSTCHAR First query output word character to retrieve --last=LASTCHAR Last query output word character to retrieve --sql-query=QUERY SQL statement to be executed --sql-shell Prompt for an interactive SQL shell --sql-file=SQLFILE Execute SQL statements from given file(s) Brute force: These options can be used to run brute force checks --common-tables Check existence of common tables --common-columns Check existence of common columns User-defined function injection: These options can be used to create custom user-defined functions --udf-inject Inject custom user-defined functions --shared-lib=SHLIB Local path of the shared library File system access: These options can be used to access the back-end database management system underlying file system --file-read=RFILE Read a file from the back-end DBMS file system --file-write=WFILE Write a local file on the back-end DBMS file system --file-dest=DFILE Back-end DBMS absolute filepath to write to Operating system access: These options can be used to access the back-end database management system underlying operating system --os-cmd=OSCMD Execute an operating system command --os-shell Prompt for an interactive operating system shell --os-pwn Prompt for an OOB shell, Meterpreter or VNC --os-smbrelay One click prompt for an OOB shell, Meterpreter or VNC --os-bof Stored procedure buffer overflow exploitation --priv-esc Database process user privilege escalation --msf-path=MSFPATH Local path where Metasploit Framework is installed --tmp-path=TMPPATH Remote absolute path of temporary files directory Windows registry access: These options can be used to access the back-end database management system Windows registry --reg-read Read a Windows registry key value --reg-add Write a Windows registry key value data --reg-del Delete a Windows registry key value --reg-key=REGKEY Windows registry key --reg-value=REGVAL Windows registry key value --reg-data=REGDATA Windows registry key value data --reg-type=REGTYPE Windows registry key value type General: These options can be used to set some general working parameters -s SESSIONFILE Load session from a stored (.sqlite) file -t TRAFFICFILE Log all HTTP traffic into a textual file --batch Never ask for user input, use the default behaviour --binary-fields=.. Result fields having binary values (e.g. "digest") --charset=CHARSET Force character encoding used for data retrieval --crawl=CRAWLDEPTH Crawl the website starting from the target URL --crawl-exclude=.. Regexp to exclude pages from crawling (e.g. "logout") --csv-del=CSVDEL Delimiting character used in CSV output (default ",") --dump-format=DU.. Format of dumped data (CSV (default), HTML or SQLITE) --eta Display for each output the estimated time of arrival --flush-session Flush session files for current target --forms Parse and test forms on target URL --fresh-queries Ignore query results stored in session file --hex Use DBMS hex function(s) for data retrieval --output-dir=OUT.. Custom output directory path --parse-errors Parse and display DBMS error messages from responses --save=SAVECONFIG Save options to a configuration INI file --scope=SCOPE Regexp to filter targets from provided proxy log --test-filter=TE.. Select tests by payloads and/or titles (e.g. ROW) --test-skip=TEST.. Skip tests by payloads and/or titles (e.g. BENCHMARK) --update Update sqlmap Miscellaneous: -z MNEMONICS Use short mnemonics (e.g. "flu,bat,ban,tec=EU") --alert=ALERT Run host OS command(s) when SQL injection is found --answers=ANSWERS Set question answers (e.g. "quit=N,follow=N") --beep Beep on question and/or when SQL injection is found --cleanup Clean up the DBMS from sqlmap specific UDF and tables --dependencies Check for missing (non-core) sqlmap dependencies --disable-coloring Disable console output coloring --gpage=GOOGLEPAGE Use Google dork results from specified page number --identify-waf Make a thorough testing for a WAF/IPS/IDS protection --skip-waf Skip heuristic detection of WAF/IPS/IDS protection --mobile Imitate smartphone through HTTP User-Agent header --offline Work in offline mode (only use session data) --page-rank Display page rank (PR) for Google dork results --purge-output Safely remove all content from output directory --smart Conduct thorough tests only if positive heuristic(s) --sqlmap-shell Prompt for an interactive sqlmap shell --wizard Simple wizard interface for beginner users
pengiwn / QR Token GrabberDiscord Image Token Grabber About A Python script that automatically generates a Nitro scam QR code and grabs the Discord token when scanned. This tool demonstrates how people can trick others into scanning their Discord login QR Code, and gain access to their account. Use for Educational Purposes only. img1 Demonstration qr-code Info Download the latest version of chromedriver, and replace the old chromedriver.exe with the new one. If you get any errors, scroll down to troubleshoot to learn more. Usage If you dont have python installed, download python 3.7.6 and make sure you click on the 'ADD TO PATH' option during the installation. Install the required modules > pip install -r requirements.txt or double click pip_install_requirements.bat Type python QR_Generator.py in cmd to run or double click run_script.bat Wait for the discord_gift.png to be generated. Send the image to the victim and make them scan it. QR Code only lasts about 2 minutes. Make sure you send a fresh one to the victim and he is ready to scan. When the QR Code is scanned, you will automatically be logged in to their account and the script will grab the Discord token. Troubleshoot Make sure your chromedriver.exe file is the same version as your current Chrome web browser version. To check your current Chrome version, paste chrome://settings/help in Google Chrome. if Chrome crashes, Make sure your chromedriver.exe file is the same version as your Chrome web browser version Download the latest version chromedriver.exe here: https://chromedriver.chromium.org/downloads Then replace the chromedriver.exe file in the folder.
zhanhb / Kcptun Sip003 Wrappershadowsocks SIP003 wrapper for plugin kcptun(shell/batch script), compatible with ash/bash/cmd.exe. All ascii characters are availiable.
dubbyOW / NVIDIA GPU Shader Cache Cleaner.cmd script to easily wipe NVIDIA GPU shader cache
jlankitus / Easy MZP PluginEasy way to make a new menu item plugin for 3ds max. Includes a cmd script which makes the mzp file for you
Klozz / CMD ScriptsWindows CMD scripts
luptior / PysbatchSubmit slurm cluster job(Sbatch) inside python and avoid shell script. Submission cmd can be customized to add more options.
